<p>Friendship Hill National Historic Site, maintained by the National Park Service, was the home of early American politician and statesman Albert Gallatin , a US Congressman, the longest-serving Secretary of Treasury under two presidents, and ambassador to France and Great Britain. It overlooks the Monongahela River near Point Marion, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, about 50 mi south of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Friendship Hill is a parcel of land 675 acre in size, located on the east bank of the Monongahela River between New Geneva and Point Marion in rural southwestern Pennsylvania. The property&#39;s main house is located atop a bluff that is the high point of the property.</p><br>
<p>The house is made up of seven sections. The earliest of these is the original brick house built in 1789. This structure was constructed in the Federalist style with a Flemish bond. Along the north side of the brick house, a simple frame dwelling was added in 1798. The Stone House was the next structure added by Gallatin in 1823; this is a three-and-a-half story structure, the largest section of the total house. This was the only structure which Gallatin did not build and oversee himself. This portion was built and overseen by one of his sons, Albert Rolaz Gallatin. A stone kitchen was added in 1824, which was the last addition of the Gallatin era.</p><br>
<p>The rest of the additions include a State Dining Room in 1895, a south bedroom wing completed in 1902, and the servants&#39; quarters added in 1903. These portions were built by the later owners of the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Albert Gallatin, a native of Geneva, Switzerland, came to the United States in 1780. He became involved in real estate speculation in western Pennsylvania and Virginia not long afterward, and purchased the land and house that became Friendship Hill in 1788. He sold the property in 1832, settling in New York City. His long period of public service included serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and as United States Ambassador to France.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 12, 1965, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places when it was established on October 15, 1966, at which time it was in private ownership. The national historic site was established on November 10, 1978, and is administered under Fort Necessity National Battlefield.</p><br>
<p>Redondo Peak is a conspicuous summit in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. It is located entirely within the Valles Caldera National Preserve. It is the second highest summit in the Jemez after Chicoma Mountain. It is the most visually prominent peak in the range when viewed from the south, for example, from Albuquerque. From many other directions it is less prominent or not visible, due to its location in the center of the Valles Caldera, well away from the Caldera&#39;s rim.</p><br>
<p>Redondo Peak is an example of the volcanic feature known as a resurgent dome. It was formed some time after the main caldera-forming eruptions of about 1.4 million and 1.1 million years ago, but it is not itself an eruptive feature. The summit of the mountain is composed of tuff ejected by the more recent caldera-forming eruption, rather than of subsequent volcanic ejecta. It is forested all the way to its summit. Controversy concerning logging practices on the mountain contributed pressure to create the Valles Caldera National Preserve, within which logging is restricted.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural significance</h2><br>
<p>Redondo Peak is sacred to various Pueblo peoples of New Mexico and, as a result, hiking and other recreational activities on the mountain are sharply restricted as of 2008. The summit area is occupied by a shrine that was studied and excavated by anthropologist William Boone Douglass in the early 20th century and remained in use well into the 20th century. The shrine and its immediate surroundings are closed to visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Duluth and Iron Range Railroad Company Passenger Station, often called the Tower Passenger Depot, is a former passenger railroad depot in Tower, Minnesota, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1916 by the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad, it provided passenger train service until 1951. It operates as the Tower-Soudan Historical Society Center museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first railroad line to Tower was built by the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad (D&IR) and completed in 1884. The Soudan Mine had opened the previous year, necessitating the construction of a rail line to transport ore. The first railroad depot in Tower was then built sometime before 1886; while shown on maps as a passenger depot, it was effectively a freight depot.</p><br>
<p>Beginning about 1908, D&IR began heavily promoting tourism in the Lake Vermilion area. The depot&#39;s freight-oriented design and poor location for travelers spurred the construction of a new passenger station, which was announced in February 1916. Residents of eastern Tower protested its planned western site in favor of a more central location, but the request was rejected. The passenger depot was designed by William H. Beyrer and built by contractor George Spurbeck at a cost of $10,000. Construction finished later in 1916 and the first train arrived the morning of November 25, 1916.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s and 1940s, train travel began to decline in favor of the automobile. Increased automobile ownership and improved roads opened up tourism throughout the state, lessening the special position of Lake Vermillion. Automobile associations were also able to promote tourism more successfully than D&IR. Passenger service to the Tower depot discontinued in 1951 because of reduced ridership, and freight service to Tower ceased in 1962 with the closing of the Soudan Mine. D&IR donated the depot in 1966 to the City of Tower. It later opened as the Tower-Soudan Historical Society Center, a museum of local history. The station was nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A for its significance in tourism and transportation; it was listed on June 14, 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Design and setting</h2><br>
<p>The wood frame structure is one-and-a-half stories tall, occupying a footprint approximately 23.5 by oriented northwest to southeast. The exterior is covered in clapboard from the ground to about 4 ft, above which is stucco. The asphalt roof is shallow, with a complex hipped design and a 5 ft overhang. Structural fatigue has resulted in sagging of the eaves, prompting the addition of six 4 by posts for support at the edge of the roof.</p><br>
<p>On the northwest face is a sign that reads TOWER in block letters, affixed at the edge of the roof.</p><br>
<p>To the southwest along the loading platform is a remnant of railroad track. The track holds D&IR 218 (later DM&IR 1218), a K class 2-8-0 steam locomotive and its tender, two train cars, and a caboose. A canopy built in 2008 shelters the locomotive and the passenger car. The canopy was fitted with solar panels in 2012 to provide electricity to the railroad cars and depot. To the west of the locomotive, beyond the boundary of the depot site, is a 1901 monument to President William McKinley made of sheet metal.</p><br>
<p>Rolwāling Himāl , , knows as a  rural municipality, is a section of the Himalayas in east-central Nepal along the Tibet border.</p><br>
<p>Rolwaling Himal includes Melungtse 7181m and Melungtse II 7023m inside Tibet and Gaurishankar 7134m on the Nepal border with some 50 additional peaks over 6000m, all extending from the Nangpa La pass where the Mahalangur section begins, southwest to the Tamakosi River. The Labuche Himal section rises beyond the Tamakosi to the northwest. Rolwaling Himal is bounded on the south by the Rolwaling Valley which contain several small sherpa&#39;s villages, the largest town in the area. It would take five to six days to reach Namche Bazaar after pass Tasilapcha. You also can trek to Everest base camp or you can trek to Lukla and fly to Kathmandu</p><br>
<p>Access to the valley and the mountains of the range is made on foot through an established trail system starting at Jagat, Bhiku rural municipality (230 km east of Kathmandu). 10 hours drive by local bus. A western style trek from Jagat to Beding will normally take four to five days. There are two ways to Beding, either by Tasinam village, beautiful hill (at 4500 m) or by Simigau. Tsho Rolpa (also Chho Rolpa) is one of the biggest glacial lakes in Nepal. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres (15,030 ft) in the Rolwaling Valley, Dolakha.</p><br>
<p>Rolwaling valley is under Gaurishankar Rural municipality, The first western exploration of the area was made by Eric Shipton in 1951 during the reconnaissance of Mount Everest.</p><br>
<p>Urup  is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk, northwest Pacific Ocean. Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout. It was formerly known as Company&#39;s Land.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>Urup has a roughly rectangular shape, measuring 120 km along its long axis and approximately 20 km along its narrow axis. It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands, with an area of 1,430 km&sup2;. The highest point is Gora Ivao at 1,426 m.</p><br>
<p>The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait, after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries, the first recorded European to explore the area. The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait, after the French word for "compass", which was the name of one of La Pérouse&#39;s vessels. This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787.</p><br>
<p>Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos:</p><br>
<p>Kolokol Group (Uruppu-Fuji), with a height of 1,328 m has erupted as recently as 1973.</p><br>
<p>Rudakov (Daiba-zan), with a height of 524 m has a 700 m wide, funnel-like crater containing a 300 m wide lake</p><br>
<p>Tri Sestry (Три сестры;Io-zan), with a height of 998 m has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs.</p><br>
<p>Gora Ivao (Shiratae-zan), with a height of 1,426 m is the highest point on the island. The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley, forming a lake.</p><br>
<p>Despite its temperate latitude, the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), that is close to a polar climate (Koppen ET) with mild, foggy summers and cold, snowy winters. In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria, but the February mean of −5.8 &deg;C is well below the limit of "oceanic" climates. Urup, like all the Kuril islands, experiences extremely strong seasonal lag, with the highest temperatures in August and September, the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>In the spring and summer crested auklet, tufted puffin, and pigeon guillemot nest on the island; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu, the native peoples of the Kurils, Sakhalin and Hokkaidō. The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643, when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed, probably seeking furs. It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644, and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715. Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from 1756.</p><br>
<p>Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century, hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area. There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772, and the Russians left for a time, but soon returned. G.F. Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes (Amsterdam, 1766) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands, including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control. A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader Ivan Chernyi in 1768, acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia. During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo (Hokkaido) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780.</p><br>
<p>During the decade following 1795, a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized "Slavorossiia". In 1801, the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island, incorporating it into Ezo Province (now Hokkaidō Prefecture). This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils, and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855. The same year, in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean War, a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate (open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854), and sailing further north, landed on Urup, taking official possession of the island as "lIsle de lAlliance" and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor. The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control.</p><br>
<p>Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island: one in 1853 and two in 1855. On the night of 27-28 April 1853, the ship Susan (349 tons), of Nantucket, was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk. Two men were lost, one drowning and the other perishing on the ice. The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April. Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the barque Black Warrior, of New London. On 13 May 1855, the ships King Fisher (425 tons), and Enterprise (291 tons), both of New Bedford, were wrecked on the island while attempting to pass through Vries Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk. All hands were saved.</p><br>
<p>Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. The remaining Ainu inhabitants were relocated to Shikotan, and replaced by Japanese colonists.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands, and towards the end of the war, the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6000 troops on Uruppu, including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade, 5th Independent Tank Company, 23rd Independent AA Company, 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit. During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II, Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan renounced its claim to the island. Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities until they were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>Blewett Pass, at an elevation of 4,124 ft, it lies on the route of the historical Yellowstone Trail.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the many well known passes that lie on the spine of the Cascades, Blewett Pass lies on the divide between the Wenatchee River to the north and the Yakima River to the south. The highway over the pass connects Interstate 90 (I-90) between Seattle and Ellensburg, Washington with US 2 between Monroe and Wenatchee. The route from Seattle to Wenatchee over Snoqualmie Pass and Blewett Pass is a reasonable alternative to the more northerly route over Stevens Pass.</p><br>
<p>What is now called Blewett Pass was formerly known as Swauk Pass. It should not be confused with Old Blewett Pass, which is about 5 mi west of the current summit at the slightly lower elevation of 4,064 ft. The old pass road is Forest Road 9715 and Forest Road 7320. The road closes for the winter so that seasonal recreation may take place. Notify the Forest Service in the Wenatchee National Forest before taking the road upon re-opening in the warmer months.</p><br>
<p>Scaur Water is a river which rises near Polskeoch in the Scaur hills in the region of Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>It flows from its source near Sanquhar in the Southern Uplands and joins the River Nith two miles southwest of Thornhill. The total length is 30 km . During its course it descends from 500m to 55m altitude, and forms part of the boundary between Tynron and Keir Parishes.</p><br>
<p>The river valley, the Scaur Glen, displays several sculptures by Andy Goldsworthy and Bronze Age forts, and is lined for much of its length with birch and oak forest.</p><br>
<p>The river is renowned for trout fishing and canoeing, especially at the Glenmarlin Falls near Penpont. A local legend tells of the ghosts of a horse and rider who drowned in a deep pool, known colloquially as the Black Hole, at the bottom of the falls.</p><br>
<p>The Farquhar Atoll is part of the Farquhar Group of islands in the Seychelles that are part of the Outer Islands. It is located 770 km southwest of the capital, Victoria, on Mahé Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The atoll was named in honor of Robert Townsend Farquhar in 1824. Previous visitors had named it after Portuguese explorer João da Nova who commanded that nation’s third expedition to India during which he encountered Farquhar (in the year 1504). Administration of the atoll was a grey area for many years, with both Mauritius and Seychelles claiming the right to administer it. In 1881 the authorities in Seychelles suggested Farquhar, along with several other outer islands, be administered from Victoria in Seychelles rather than from Mauritius. There were objections as the owners were based in Mauritius but after considerable argument, the owners lost their case and administration was passed from Mauritius to Seychelles.</p><br>
<p>Fishing camps were established on north islands in 1850</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the village on the northern tip of South Island was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>From 1965 to the independence of the Seychelles in 1976, Farquhar was a part of the British Indian Ocean Territory.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 there were renovations in the village.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 Island Conservation Society opened a Conservation Centre on North Island. On 16 April 2016 Farquhar Atoll was hit by Cyclone Fantala, the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the south-west Indian Ocean, which destroyed most of the buildings except for the cyclone shelter.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The atoll is located at 10&deg;10&prime;S latitude, 51&deg;08&prime;E longitude. It is the most southerly part of the Seychelles.</p><br>
<p>The total area of the atoll, including the large lagoon, is 170.5 km&sup2;. The land area is 8.357 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Farquhar Atoll is notable for its high sand dunes, some of which reach to over 23 m in height.</p><br>
<h3>List of islands</h3><br>
<p>The main group of islands form a long curve which describes the eastern side of the atoll. Largest of these are North Farquhar and South Farquhar, with the smaller Manaha islands between them. Farther south is Goëlettes.</p><br>
<p>To the extreme western side of the atoll lies the island of Sable, and near it a small group known as Trois Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>There is a small settlement on North Island.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<p>Being an island with a small population, there are not any government buildings or services. For many services, people have to go to Victoria, which is a difficult task.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>North Farquhar is bisected by a 1,170 m paved airfield that is located near North East Point. The island is occasionally serviced by an Island Development Company (IDC) aircraft from Mahé.</p><br>
<p>There is a jetty in the settlement</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>The inhabitants on the island are engaged in very small scale farming, livestock, salted fish production and coconut processing which include production of copra, pounac and coconut oil. In addition, there is a small guesthouse that caters mainly for fly-fishing clients during October to April.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The islands of Farquhar (excluding North, South and the Manahas) have been designated as an Important Bird Area. Goëlettes is the most interesting for birds with a huge seasonal colony of about 300,000 pairs of sooty tern and around 10,000 pairs of brown noddy. In 2006, Island Conservation Society recorded a previously unknown colony of black-naped terns at Sable Island. with 15 breeding pairs, the largest population on any one island in the region. Black-naped terns also breed on Goëlettes.</p><br>
<p>Farquhar is also an important nesting site for turtles. Surveys conducted in the early 1980s when adult turtles were intensively hunted estimated 425 nesting green turtle females and 27 hawksbill turtles per annum. A survey conducted in 2007 suggests increases in nesting numbers thanks to the protected status of turtles in Seychelles since 1994. Other fauna of interest includes the gold-dust gecko and coconut crab.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>There is a small lodge on the island. in 2017, The lodge will transfer hands to a new owner which will establish a 30-room new eco-resort, and some more residential villas on the island</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Dong Ap Bia  is a mountain on the Laotian border of South Vietnam in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province.</p><br>
<p>Rising from the floor of the western A Shau Valley, it is a looming, solitary massif, unconnected to the ridges of the surrounding Annamite range. It dominates the northern valley, towering some 937 metres above sea level. Snaking down from its highest peak are a series of ridges and fingers, one of the largest extending southeast to a height of 900 metres, another reaching south to a 916-metre peak. The entire mountain is a rugged, uninviting wilderness blanketed in double- and triple-canopy jungle, dense thickets of bamboo, and waist-high elephant grass. Local Montagnard tribesmen call Ap Bia "the mountain of the crouching beast."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In May 1969, Dong Ap Bia was the site of the Battle of Hamburger Hill, a battle of the Vietnam War which was fought by the United States and South Vietnam against North Vietnamese forces.</p><br>
<p>Orjen  is transboundary Dinaric Mediterranean limestone mountain range, that stretches cca 25 km between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. Its highest peak is the Orjen Peak , which stands at 1894 m  on the border between two countries. The Orjen Peak is the highest peak in the subadriatic Dinarides. The massif of Orjen lies east to south-east of Trebinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina and north-west of Risan in Bay of Kotor . From the town of Risan, situated at the innermost protected part of the bay, a well-engineered road, at first metalled, with many hairpin bends climbs to about 1600 m, over to the interior. At the main summit of Orjen and the surrounding ridges and high plateaux the action of quaternary glaciation is evident. In Ice Age long valley glaciers receded from Orjen to the Bay of Kotor and surrounding poljes. Hollowing U-shaped valleys and cirques in their course. Glaciers also shaped jagged peaks and ridges. Glacial and karst type relief combine now in a unique coastal scenery. Elsewhere in the Mediterranean, few places show similar phenomena.</p><br>
<p>The is a UNESCO World Heritage site, comprising the territory between Orjen and Lovćen, including all the small towns in the bays of Risan and Kotor with their natural setting. With this privileged natural harbour the Bay of Kotor has been settled for millennia. Illyrians and Greeks colonised the coast from 400 BC and established today&#39;s ports Risan (Rhizon) and Kotor (Cattaro). Due to lack of potable water, the high mountain was never densely populated. Snow patches collected from deep pit holes were used even late in the 20th century to provide the few hamlets with water. Today, wells are used instead.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Orjen is a block mountain lifted up as a horst and thus towering above the lowered Bay of Kotor and the high karst plateaux surrounding the Mount Orjen horst. With 1894 m difference between the lowest and the highest point, relief energy has a great role in the extremely harsh environment. A hyperkarstic barren landscape of vast karren fields contrasts with very species rich vegetation types, ranging from evergreen deciduous forests at lower altitudes to endemic calcareous Dinaric Fir and Pine forests in higher altitudes. Precipitation reaches 5000 l per m², amounts typical for tropical rainforests or the eastern Himalayas than the dry Mediterranean. Lying at Europe&#39;s wettest coast, snow easily accumulates on karstic plateaux and as late as June small snow patches continue to lie in shaded places under the summits. Skiing is possible but no relevant infrastructures exist today. Orjen is a more important hiking destination. Three mountain huts provide basic accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Orjen comprises transboundary area of about 400 km² between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, and runs for 25 km from region around Trebinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the north-west, to Bay of Kotor in Montenegro in the south-east. Mount Orjen is composed of four high karstic plateaux divided by ridges. Three near parallel ridges collide in Zubački kabao, Orjens&#39; culmination point. The ridges are arranged by elevation with the highest to the north screening the Bijela gora plateaux from the Mediterranean coast. The separated plateaux are the Krivošije to the East, Bijela gora to the North, and Dobri do and Vrbanj to the West. Only few settlements are scattered in surrounding poljes. The poljes of Grahovo, Dragalj, Vrbanj, Krusevica and Grabalj are important for agricultural use and provide the only lines of communication in the karst. Migration circled around Mount Orjen as a major obstacle between the coastal, Herceg Novi and Risan and the interior towns of Grahovo, Trebinje and Niksic.</p><br>
<p>Several dry river valleys are found on Orjen. Only in decades they react as short-living rivers when heavy rain and snow-melt combine. Flooding can be a problem and several poljes are renowned for their long inundation periods.</p><br>
<h3>Glacial traces</h3><br>
<p>Mediterranean mountains bear no glaciers any more except small snow fields in some shaded cirques of the Taurus range. Even during the pleistocene snowlines were not much lower as in today&#39;s Alps. Glaciers were only of local significance in the Mediterranean enabling frost sensitive vegetation types to survive the climate changes of the Quaternary.</p><br>
<p>Among the once glaciated Mediterranean mountains Orjen was outstanding for one of the biggest ice cap in the region. A 150 km² covered 1/3 of the area. All part above 900 m were buried under a thick sheet of ice from where several glacial tonges descended to 500 m above sea level. Traces of glacial activity are evident in any part of Orjen as in the Bijela gora plateaux. No glacial lakes survive today as they were extinguished due to the porosity of the karstified landscape.</p><br>
<p>Many cirques, U-shaped valleys and moraines and jagged ridges and summits bear the evidence of the glacial erosion.</p><br>
<p>In stoneage and Bronze Age humans settled in the Orjen region. This early human activity is depicted by rock paintings of deerhunt and humans in Lipci in Risan bay. A major Bronze Age excavation site is at Popovo polje to the north of Mount Orjen.</p><br>
<h3>Karst</h3><br>
<p>Mount Orjen is built up from pure Cretaceous limestone. As precipitation and temperatures are high and vegetation is abundant karstification processes are evolved. Lapiez, sinkholes and caves resolve from the solution of the limestone. The solution process is the faster the more water is available for solution. Vegetation and soilformation play also a role in the process.</p><br>
<p>A major disadvantage is that the water is percolating fast in the porous rocks and does not form brooks and rivers despite the heavy amounts of precipitation. An overall dryness is characteristic that is unsuitable for settling.</p><br>
<p>Thus the region has been depopulated for a long time. Only during times of repression the unfavourable high mountains were mainly populated by Montenegrin tribes. During the time of the Ottoman rule from the 15th to the 19th century the high karst was acting as main shelter for the Christian population. Military campaigns of Turks and Austro-Hungarians faced heavy losses while both great powers underestimated the difficulties to undertake successful raids in karst areas. The battle of Vucji dol between Montenegrins and Turks and the Krivošije uprising in 1869 showed that the Montenegrins used the natural conditions in their favour.</p><br>
<p>Karst is also a major tourist attraction as caves are frequent and peculiar geomorphological forms can be studied. Karst vegetation on the other hand is species rich and major karst areas are hot spots of biodiversity. The both famous Southeast Asian karst areas like the Guilin tower karst region in Southern China or Phuket island in Thailand and the Mediterranean dinaric karst areas with the Plitvice lakes in Croatia and the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro rival with spectacularity.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Tectonically the area of the Southern Adriatic is very active as the frequency of earthquakes indicates. As the Adriatic Plate subduces under the Dinarids, earthquakes can have devastating energy. Sometimes even tsunamis are observed. Mount Orjen is completely built of folded Cretaceous limestones which belongs to the High-Karst Zone geological unit.</p><br>
<p>The High-Karst Zone has the greatest extent in the territory of Montenegro. The terrain of this geotectonic unit is mainly built up of Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous) limestones and dolomites of several kilometres of thickness. This thickness is even larger, due to the reverse faulting and overthrusting and thus repeating of carbonate series. The karst of this region is characterised by all surface occurrences and all processes characteristic for holokarst such as: karst plain, polje, uvala, sinkhole, dry-, hanging-, blind- and karstified valley, lapies, canyon, shaft, cave, resurgence, vrulja, estavelle and so on.</p><br>
<p>The karstification of limestones and dolomites in this area is below the base level of erosion, below the sea level and is deeper than 1,000 m. The High-Karst Zone has all the prominent characteristics of fluvial erosion (deep canyons of Komarnica and Morača rivers with their tributaries), glacial erosion (on Mount Orjen), lacustrine, sea and combined erosion.</p><br>
<p>Along the internal belt of Bay of Kotor, from Morinj, across Risan to Kotor, the High-Karst Zone is in direct contact with the sea, as the High-Karst Zone overthrusts the Pindus Cukali Zone where Mount Orjen rises from the Bay of Risan. The direct contact of the Adriatic sea and the High-Karst Zone leads to interesting hydrological phenomena. In these terrains the largest vrulja on the Adriatic coast, called Sopot, is located. The vast differences in water-yielding capacity of the constant and periodic karst springs point out to the strong karstification of High-Karst Zone limestones and dolomites on Mount Orjen. The difference between minimal and maximal water yielding capacity is over 350 m³.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Orjen is within the Mediterranean subtropical belt. While summers are hot and sunny, autumn, winter and spring are rainy seasons. It is the climate type of the Mediterranean but modifications exist in the vast region. A peculiarity of the littoral Dinarids is the precipitation regime as Orjen receives Europes most heavy precipitation. Like the monsoon rain is seasonally distributed, thus November thunderstorms sometimes pour 2000 l of water in several days, while August is frequently completely dry leading to forest fires. With a maximum discharge of 200 m³/s water one of the biggest karst springs, the Sopot spring, is a remarkable indicator of this seasonality. Most of the time it is inactive but after heavy rain a remarkable waterfall appears 20 m above the Bay of Kotor.</p><br>
<p>classification scheme after Köppen</p><br>
<p>Two wind systems are noteworthy for their ecological significance: Bora and Sirocco. Strong cold downslope winds of Bora type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan. Gusts reach 250 km/h and can lead to a significant fall of temperatures in several hours with freezing events problematic for most of the Mediterranean cultures. Bora weather situations are frequent and sailors keep an eye on the mountains as cap clouds indicate an imminent Bora event.</p><br>
<p>Sirocco is a warm humid rain and is important as it brings heavy rain. It appears throughout the year but is usually centered in autumn and spring.</p><br>
<p>monthly and yearly precipitation ranges in Dalmatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<h3>Habitats</h3><br>
<p>Mostly limestone rocks but also moraines and screes. Coastal cliffs are present at all parts of the Bay of Kotor. Many forest types can be seen of which Mediterranean deciduous evergreen don&#39;t play a significant role. Dinaric calcareous fir forests are found in several grooves on the Bijela gora but are difficult to reach. Bosnian pine forests are quite widespread on all major ridges. Virgin woodlands still exist, mainly Beech forests.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>Notes:</p><br>
<p>The Vegetation profile on Mount Orjen shows the Mediterranean zones which vary from alpine mountain zones.</p><br>
<p>The few plant names are just examples of the plants belonging to the Biotope communities.</p><br>
<p>An example of a complete biotope plant list (Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae Fuk.): Dinaric calcareous block fir forest#Plant list</p><br>
<p>Genus Sesleria, belongs to subfamily Pooideae, of the true grass family Poaceae.</p><br>
<p>Across Orjen vegetation varies with climate and altitude. While the sub-adriatic range exhibits evergreen deciduous forests, the vegetation graduates to temperate forests, conifers and tundra in the northern and upper regions. The ridges also have a variety of Mediterranean alpine vegetation – oromediterranean pastures.</p><br>
<p>The typical karst country with bare limestone rochocks interspersed with parches of wood is found on lower altitudes. White Oak, Hop-hornbeam and Montpellier Maple, or the characteristic scrub of the maquis shrubland and garrigue are notable. There are stony meadows in the sunken dolina of the karst that contrast vividly with the stony slopes and rocky scrubland all round.</p><br>
<p>Higher altitudes are characterised by heavy beech forest with occasional open grassy pastures. On northern branches silver fir accompanies beech. Above the beech and fir-beech forests are scattered open stands of pure Dinaric calcareous Silver Fir forests and Bosnian pine with deep-purple young cones set among stiff light-green needles. Open stony screes and rocks are exposed to the jagged ridges and summits. They are very rich in species.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Flora is of Balkan type with many Illyrian and Balkan endemics. Notable is local endemism with 10 endemics restricted to Mount Orjen.</p><br>
<h3>Conservation</h3><br>
<p>A National Park was planned for a long time on Orjen. The disintegration of Yugoslavia, civil war and standstill of tourism cancelled plans. Today plans a rejuvenated but funding maybe a problem. UNESCO declared the a World Heritage site. The part of Orjen within the boundaries of this Site is namely the Krivosije plateaux. A further evaluation of the patrimony and nomination of a greater part of Orjen as National park has good reasons. Unique flora, fauna and relief certainly require a protection plan by administrative action.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest historic confirmations are the Lipce rock paintings which are dated in the Bronze Age. The first historic significant events are connected with the Illyrians when Queen Teuta, reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228 BC choose Risan as her capital during her war against the Romans. The Greek also colonised the region and eventually the Romans took over. The classical name of the Bay of Kotor is after Rhizon (Risan) Sinus Rhizonicus. Eventually Kotor was becoming more important during the Middle Ages</p><br>
<h3>People</h3><br>
<p>Only few traditional shepherds live today on Orjen. Mostly remain on the northern side of the Bijela gora. They have their local songs describing life on the remote mountain and every year in July a great feast takes place when all the shepherds from Bijela gora come together to sing dance and eat on a pasture at Ledenik.</p><br>
<p>Livestock is mostly sheep but also horses and few cattle are held. At Orjen saddle oxen graze. In former times nomadic migration took place between the poljes and the higher regions of Orjen.</p><br>
<p>The traditional housing on Orjen is the so-called Koliba. Small limestone huts with roofs build of pine bark. Only few hamlets are inhabited, mostly close to the coast. The higher up the stronger the push factors acted to leave.</p><br>
<p>Tribes on Orjen were once renowned for their wildness and still people from the coast have this notion towards the mountain tribes.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Glacial and karst features compose a unique landscape that is attracting visitors also from abroad. Backpacking and alpine recreation are important factors for the development of the Orjen region. Three mountain huts are established and enthusiasts keep winter sports alive.</p><br>
<h3>Hiking</h3><br>
<p>Trails are maintained by the PSD Subra mountaineering association from Herceg Novi. Most trails are around the huts at Vratlo (1160 m) and Orjen ridge (1594 m). 40 km of marked trails exist in the Mount Orjen region, leading to the most attractive destinations. Marked trails start at the city bus station at Herceg Novi (30 m) and lead to the Vratlo hut (1160 m). Hiking in other more remote parts is also possible but no marcation currently exists. Visitors of Bijela gora or Dobri can use several local forest roads. sometimes shepherds can offer night accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Water is only available at some places, shepherd villagers usually use rain collectors.</p><br>
<p>Most hikers tend to visit Subra (1680 m) or Zubacki kabo (1894 m). Both are well marked.</p><br>
<p>Brown bears appear in the Bijela gora and should not be disturbed as the population is critically endangered.</p><br>
<p>Every year around mid May a half marathon called Orjen marathon is organised by the PSD Subra alpine organization. Guests are welcomed to take part in the traditional manifestation</p><br>
<h3>Climbing</h3><br>
<p>Several interesting alpine like climbing possibilities like rock climbing exist. Most remarkable is the 500 m wall of the Subra amphitheatre. In last few years the alpine – speleo section (A.S.O.S.) of PSD Subra started to climb routes on Mount Orjen. Good climbing routes are only 10 minutes walk from the Vratlo mountain hut. Other good climbing routes are in Subra&#39;s Amphitheatre and Reovacka Greda rocks. Mount Orjen gives a lot opportunities for climbing unclimbed routes with various difficulties. A training rock near to the Herceg Novi – Trebinje road called "Silobod" (250 m) is in use.</p><br>
<h3>Summer activities</h3><br>
<p>Backpacking – Between late spring and early fall. All overnight trips into the back country require sufficient water supplies.</p><br>
<p>Bicycling – Mountain biking is possible throughout Mount Orjen and local roads are well suited for bicycling.</p><br>
<p>Swimming – Places are found on the 90 km coastline of the Bay of Kotor. Herceg Novi and Risan offer several good hotels.</p><br>
<p>Orjen marathon – An annual event with several possible tracks most starting at the Vratlo hut towards Subra 1679 m and Zubacki kabao 1894 m</p><br>
<h3>Winter activities</h3><br>
<p>Much of Mount Orjen is inaccessible due to heavy snow in winter. However, Orjen saddle 1594 m can be reached in winter from Vrbanj.</p><br>
<p>Skiing – the only skiing area is around Orjen saddle opens in winter. No lifts and equipment are provided at the mountain hut.</p><br>
<p>Hunting – Hunters are generally welcome official permits are required.</p><br>
<p>The Tvertsa  is a river in Vyshnevolotsky, Spirovsky, Torzhoksky, and Kalininsky Districts, as well as in the cities of Torzhok and Tver in Tver Oblast, Russia, a left tributary of the Volga River. It is 188 km long, and the area of its basin 6,510 km&sup2;. The principal tributaries of the Tvertsa are the Tigma River , the Shchegrinka River , the Osuga River , the Logovyazh River , and the Kava River .</p><br>
<p>The Starotveretsky Canal, which is 2.9 km long and a part of the Vyshny Volochyok Waterway, is considered Tvertsa&#39;s riverhead, which connects the river with the Vyshny Volochyok Reservoir. The latter drains up to 80 percent of its water from the Tsna River into the Tvertsa. The Tvertsa flows south, crosses the western part of Spirovsky District, and south of Torzhok turns east. There, the river enters Kalininsky District and flows towards the city of Tver. In the northern outskirts of the city, the Tvertsa turns south. Its mouth is located in the city center of Tver. The Tvertsa River freezes up in November through early January and stays under the ice until late March or April.</p><br>
<p>The towns of Torzhok and Vyshny Volochyok are located on the Tvertsa River. The city of Tver is located at its confluece with the Volga. Historically, the Tvertsa since the Middle Ages has been a part of a waterway connecting the Baltic Sea and the Volga, which run along the Neva, the Volkhov, and the Msta Rivers.</p><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Tvertsa includes the southwestern part of Vyshnevolotsky District, the western parts of Spirovsky and Likhoslavlsky Districts, the major part of Torzhoksky District, the eastern part of Kuvshinovsky District, and the northwestern part of Kalininsky District, all of Tver Oblast, as well as the town of Torzhok and parts of the cities of Vyshny Volochyok and Tver.</p><br>
<p>Palamas  is a town and a municipality in the Karditsa regional unit, Greece. Population 16,726 . Palamas is located south-southwest of Larissa, the capital of Thessaly, northwest of Lamia, north of Sofades, east-northeast of Karditsa and east-southeast of Trikala. Palamas is linked with the road linking Karditsa and Larissa. It also serves roads with the GR-6  and Sofades. The Pineios River is to the north as well as the Trikala regional unit.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Palamas was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Fyllo</p><br>
<p>Palamas</p><br>
<p>Sellana</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 382.722 km, the municipal unit 154.077 km.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivisions</h3><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Palamas is divided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Agios Dimitrios</p><br>
<p>Gorgovites</p><br>
<p>Kalyvakia</p><br>
<p>Koskina (Koskina, Psathochori)</p><br>
<p>Markos</p><br>
<p>Metamorfosi</p><br>
<p>Palamas</p><br>
<p>Vlochos (Vlochos, Lykorema)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Techwood Homes was the first public housing project in the United States, opened just before the First Houses. Located in Atlanta, Georgia, it replaced a shantytown known as Tanyard Bottom or Tech Flats. It was completed on August 15, 1936, but was dedicated on November 29 of the previous year by USA President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The apartments included bathtubs and electric ranges in each unit, 189 of which had garages. Central laundry facilities, a kindergarten and a library were also provided. Techwood was intended to eliminate the slums that the poor had been living in, but eventually became one itself.</p><br>
<p>The complex was designed by Georgia Tech alumnus and architect Flippen David Burge (later Stevens & Wilkinson), and organized by Charles Forrest Palmer, a real estate developer who had become an expert on public housing and would later head up both the newly created Atlanta Housing Authority and the Chamber of Commerce. The landscaping was designed by Edith Henderson, who also designed the neighboring Clark Howell Homes with her partner Grace Campbell.</p><br>
<p>The name came from Techwood Drive, in turn named for nearby Georgia Tech. The project included a 300-student dormitory for Georgia Tech, McDaniel Dormitory, commonly referred to as Techwood Dorm. It was run by the Atlanta Housing Authority. Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s the area was synonymous with urban blight in Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>Techwood Homes was built on land cleared by demolishing the Flats, a low-income integrated neighborhood adjacent to downtown that had included 1600 families, nearly one-third of whom were African American. The Public Works Administration remade the neighborhood with 604 units for white families only.</p><br>
<p>The neighboring Clark Howell Homes was built in 1941 in a less institutional style. A. Ten Eyck Brown was the architect. Clark Howell was reserved for whites only until 1968, with an all-black counterpart at the University Homes project (built 1938) near Atlanta University Center.</p><br>
<p>Except for a few historic buildings, Techwood Homes was demolished in 1996 before the 1996 Summer Olympics. It and neighboring Clark Howell Homes are now a mixed-use area called Centennial Place. The first phase opened in 1996 just before the Centennial Olympics, hence the new name. Former residents were relocated to other areas, and given Section 8 vouchers to pay part of the rent. Many moved back into Centennial Place, though it had far fewer subsidized units than Techwood Homes.</p><br>
<p>Lake Vermilion is a freshwater lake in northeastern Minnesota, United States. The Ojibwe originally called the lake Nee-Man-Nee, which means “the evening sun tinting the water a reddish color”. French fur traders translated this to the Latin word Vermilion, which is a red pigment. Lake Vermilion is located between the towns of Tower on the east and Cook on the west, in the heart of Minnesota&#39;s Arrowhead Region at Vermilion Iron Range. The area was mined from the late 19th century until the 1960s, and the Soudan Mine operated just south of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake contains black crappie, bluegill, brown bullhead, largemouth bass, muskellunge, northern pike, sunfish, rock bass, smallmouth bass, tullibee (cisco), walleye, white sucker, and yellow perch. Lake Vermilion is known for its walleye and muskie fishing. In the spring of 2005, Lake Vermilion was host to the annual Minnesota Governor’s Fishing Opener Weekend. Some fish consumption guideline restrictions have been placed on the lake&#39;s bluegill, cisco, crappie, northern pike, walleye, and white sucker due to mercury contamination. Many feel the increased population of muskies has had a detrimental effect on the walleye population, although walleye fishing has improved since the implementation of a walleye slot limit (18" to 26") and reduced bag limit (from 6 to 4) in recent years.</p><br>
<p>The lake attracts visitors from all parts of Minnesota and the Midwestern United States, who lodge at the lakes numerous resorts and hotels. Tourists are drawn by Lake Vermilions reputation as a fishing destination, as well as its setting in the northern Minnesota wilderness. The lake is near the Superior National Forest and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW).</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota DNR rates Lake Vermilion as the fifth largest lake by surface area within Minnesota borders. The surface area of Lake Vermilion is 39,271 acre and has a maximum depth of 76 ft.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Governor Tim Pawlenty announced the state was negotiating the purchase from USA Steel of a large area of land on the southeastern shore of the lake for a proposed new Minnesota state park. The sale of the land at a cost of $18m was finalized in June 2010. Lake Vermilion State Park is being developed on the easterly southern shore of the lake, and is adjacent to and to the east of Soudan Underground Mine State Park.</p><br>
<p>The claim that "in the 1940s, the National Geographic Society declared Lake Vermilion one of the top ten most scenic lakes in the United States" has been rebutted by a representative of the National Geographic Society.</p><br>
<p>On May 13, 2014, it was announced that the 2015 Governor&#39;s Fisher Opener weekend would be held at Lake Vermilion again.</p><br>
<p>The Roanoke Star, also known as the Mill Mountain Star, is the world&#39;s largest freestanding illuminated man-made star, constructed in 1949 at the top of Mill Mountain in Roanoke, Virginia. After construction of the star, Roanoke was nicknamed "Star City of the South". It is visible for 60 mi from the air and it sits 1,045 ft above the city of Roanoke.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1949, the Roanoke Merchants Association decided to kick off that years Christmas shopping season by having a neon star built on top of Mill Mountain. Although the structure was always intended to be a permanent addition, the merchants at first werent sure if the star should be lit year round. When the star immediately became very popular, the Chamber of Commerce and the Merchants Association decided to keep it lit all year. The Merchants Association is credited with the construction of the star, but no single person claimed credit.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the star was illuminated in all-white. Later, the star&#39;s color would change from white to red to indicate a traffic fatality on that day. As part of the bicentennial celebration in 1976, the design was changed to an outer single star of red encompassing inner double-stars of white and blue. Generally all the colors have been lit at once, but occasionally the colors have been lit in a repeating sequence: each color shows exclusively for a second or two, or in succession. To commemorate a tragic event, the red outer star has been used alone, in a manner akin to a lowered flag. Such commemorations have been made for national and local events. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the star was kept in a red, white, and blue configuration for nearly six years, until April 2007.</p><br>
<p>On August 12, 2006, the star was turned off for eight days for the city to perform significant electrical upgrades. Outdated junction boxes, transformers, wiring, and conduits were replaced. Many of these devices are from the star&#39;s original 1949 construction. The upgrades cost $100,000. The work is expected to save the city more money in the long run due to a reduced need for maintenance.</p><br>
<p>On April 17, 2007, the star had to be turned off because one of the power lines had been heavily damaged by a tree. When the star was relit on April 22, 2007, officials changed the color configuration to all-white "as a symbol of hope" after the Virginia Tech massacre.</p><br>
<p>Red, white and blue colors were restored May 24, 2007 and remained that way until returning to all white on September 12, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Mill Mountain Star is 88.5 ft feet tall with 2,000 feet of neon tubing. It requires 17,500 watts of power to illuminate the neon tubes, so it puts out a pleasant little hum. Roy C. Kinsey of Kinsey Sign Company built the neon tubes with his three sons Roy Jr., Bob, and Warren. It was assembled near a local airplane hangar to study how it looked. Then it was driven to the top of the mountain and placed onto a steel structure. Robert L. Little was the Structural Engineer for Roanoke Iron & Bridge Works at the time and helped on the project as well.</p><br>
<p>Certain sections of the original red neon tubing still exist, while all of the white and blue sections have been replaced. Most maintenance on the star today involves the replacement of transformers and the repairing of circuit breakers.</p><br>
<p>The star was "lit" by Mayor A.R. Minton on November 23, 1949. Minton threw a "ceremonial" dummy switch, and Bob Kinsey flipped the actual switch behind the circuit breaker.</p><br>
<h2>Overlook and zoo</h2><br>
<p>Directly in front of the star is an overlook that features dramatic views of the Roanoke Valley and, particularly, downtown Roanoke. The overlook is a well known place to photograph Roanoke. It is also a site where area residents take visiting friends and relatives.</p><br>
<p>A small zoo was built near the star on the summit of Mill Mountain. Mill Mountain Zoo was originally designated as strictly a children&#39;s zoo, but the number of exhibits and variety of animals has expanded. The star, overlook, and zoo are accessible both from Roanoke and from a spur of the Blue Ridge Parkway at Roanoke Mountain.</p><br>
<p>From 1910 to 1929, an inclined railway ran from near the current location of Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital to the mountain&#39;s summit. The path of the incline is still visible today. The primary destination was an inn. A group dedicated to making Roanoke an attractive community for 40-year-olds has proposed rebuilding the inn. David Bowers, former mayor, stated opposition to the park building proposal in his campaign, as did the Roanoke chapter of the Sierra Club and the Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The star and the park around it are popular picnic spots by day. They are also popular hangouts at night.</p><br>
<p>Mill Mountain&#39;s summit is 1,740 ft feet above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Tainter Lake is a small reservoir in north central Dunn County, Wisconsin, on the Red Cedar River at its confluence with the Hay River. The lake was created by a hydroelectric dam (about 3 mi downstream on the Red Cedar at Cedar Falls. The lake, a popular resort and fishing spot, has a surface area of approximately 2 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the installation of the dam at Cedar Falls (Kakabika Falls), Tainter Lake did not exist. The decision to build the mill and dam came from Andrew Tainter (1823 - 1899), a wealthy lumber baron who was a partner in Knapp, Stout and Company, the largest lumber mill in the country during the 1870s. It was reported that they owned 115,000 acre of pine land and employed 1,200 men. By that time the company had logging camps on nearly every stream leading to the Red Cedar and controlled almost all of the Red Cedar River and its tributaries. The company&#39;s largest mill operation was on the Menomonee River (what the Red Cedar was commonly called) where the lumber settlement became known as the "mills of Menomonie" or "Menomonie Mills" and finally Menomonie, now the county seat of Dunn. The firm continued to log until 1899 when the forests were exhausted and competition keen. The mill at Cedar Falls closed in 1901.</p><br>
<p>During those productive years of logging, acres of forest land near and next to the Red Cedar River were cleared. While the company owned a number of farms to provide food and meat for the loggers, pioneer farmers also moved to the area, removed stumps and began farming. Most of the newly created farm land sloped, or had access, to the river as it had been so efficient for logging. Decades later this same watershed, and the farming industry, would mean trouble for Tainter Lake. Vegetation maps of the mid-1880s show that the area was 90% forest and 10% native grasses. Maps of the early 1980s indicate that the basin area is less than 50% forest and 40% agricultural land. These are the historical issues that affect the area today, contributing to the excessive algae in Lake Tainter.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tainter Lake is located in northern Dunn County, Wisconsin. A small channel divides the lake into North and South regions. the channel creates some of the narrowest parts of the lake (50 ft) and also contains the deepest part of the lake (35 ft). The average depth of the lake is 20 ft.</p><br>
<p>A few very small resorts are situated on the shores, although the lake is not known for its large fish populations. North Tainter is better known for its fishing than the southern part. This is because the north has multiple fish cribs that were planted over the last 20 years, is significantly shallower than the southern part of the lake, and has many species of fish that spawn in the shallow slow moving water.</p><br>
<p>North Tainter Lake is fed primarily by the Red Cedar River, but also by the Hay River. Both rivers drain the farm fields north of Lake Tainter. The TMLIA (Tainter Menomin Lake Improvement Association) has been diligently working on an algae problem for the last several years. With their increased participation; hopefully the lake will continue to see some improvement. The Red Cedar River south of the Cedar Falls dam creates flows for about three miles (5 km) until it reaches Lake Menomin, which was also created by a dam on the Red Cedar. Because the Lake Menomin dam is the last one on the Red Cedar River before the Mississippi, it is legal to fish that part of the river out of season.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Common species of fish in Tainter Lake include walleye, black crappie, and bluegill. Somewhat common species include yellow perch, northern pike, common carp, white bass, and bowfin. Water quality is an issue for fishing in the summer months as large algae blooms decrease water visibility making it hard for fish to see bait fish. Walleye are heavily pressured by fisherman year round and have an average length of less than 15 inches. Walleye from 20 inches to 24 inches cannot be kept.</p><br>
<h2>Cedar Falls hydroelectric project</h2><br>
<p>Xcel Energy operates the Cedar Falls Hydroelectric Project, which impounds Tainter Lake. The project consists of a 510 ft long 50 ft high dam located near Cedar Falls, Wisconsin. Its powerhouse contains three 2,000 kW electrical generators with a total capacity of 7.1 MW. The facility can produce over 33.6 million kilowatt hours of electricity each year. It is a modified run-of-the-river hydroelectricity project. The Cedar Falls dam was originally a timber dam and was replaced with a concrete dam in 1910. New generators were added in 1912 and 1915 and the project has changed little since that time. In 2005 the dam&#39;s gates were upgraded to include Obermeyer spillway gates with inflatable rubber bladders that allow more consistent water levels on the lake through the year. Before the installation of the inflatable gates, the dam featured gates made of plywood that were designed to break as the ice melted. During the installation of the inflatable gates the water level of the lake dropped about 5 or 6 ft. This caused the water to erode some of the land that people put their docks on. When the water level returned to normal residents living on the lake with docks had to shorten the length of their dock because the water had become significantly deeper.</p><br>
<p>The Elqui River starts in the west Andes and flows into the Pacific Ocean near the Chilean city of La Serena. It is a wine and pisco producing area. Vicuña, the main town of the middle valley, was the home of Nobel Laureate poet Gabriela Mistral.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient Indigenous Culture of the Elqui Valley</h2><br>
<p>Several authors argue that the first community that populated the valleys of Chile&#39;s Norte Chico were the Molle people, which initially combined farming with hunting and gathering to become, over time, full-time farmers along with the development burnished red pottery, and did work with stone and copper.</p><br>
<p>Notable archaeological sites are Alcohuaz and Cochiguaz where soil and water were available for fruitful farming.</p><br>
<p>They were advanced in their use of technology, as evidence of their knowledge of metallurgy and its practical applications shows. In the first stage of their development they worked copper by smelting and hammering it and later used gold and silver alloys, as well as employing techniques of rolling, drawing, and embossing. Later on around 1000 A.D. the Diaguita people arrived in the same area. They were named by the archeologist Ricardo Latcham for their similarities to the Argentine Diaguita. They made contact with the Molle culture, from whom they learned to work with copper and other metals. Their pottery consisted of asymmetric, wide mouth, containers, with a handles and usually rendered with red, black and white geometrical motifs.</p><br>
<p>Over time the Diaguita people began to form their own identity and broke free from the influence of the Molle and reached a growing autonomy. Also of interest is the totemic pottery tradition wherein zoomorphic and anthropomorphic vessels were fashioned. Called duck jugs, they consisted of a hand sculptured human-like head coming out of one side and an opening for filling and pouring on the other side, both of which were joined by a curved handle. The whole thing was painted with fine geometric patterns. In Las Placetas near Paihuano, burial sites from the classic period have been identified which demonstrate the use of land for crops and pasturing. Three Diaguita cemeteries were also discovered nearby.</p><br>
<p>During the heyday of the Diaguita, some 550 years ago, the Inca Empire expanded down into present day Chile from Peru, and they were invaded and put under the dominion of the Incas.</p><br>
<p>Inca culture influenced the Diaguitas by improving their agricultural production, care of livestock, and employment of mining and domestic industries such as pottery and textiles. The Incas also provided bowls, jugs with handles on top in animal forms, and new decorative motifs such as triangles and checkerboard stripes.</p><br>
<p>Tenea  is an ancient city and a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Corinth, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 167.575 km. The seat of the municipality was in Chiliomodi. Ancient Tenea was established approximately 15 kilometres SE of Corinth and 20 kilometres NE of Mycenae shortly after the Trojan War. It is believed that the first inhabitants were Trojans prisoners of war to whom Agamemnon permitted to build their own town. Hence the name Tenea resembles that of Tenedos, their home-town. Tenea and Rome, according to the Aeneid of Virgil, are two historical cities known to be associated with Trojan ancestry following the Trojan War. Corinthians and Teneans in 734 or 733 BC under the leadership of Archias established the joint colony of Syracuse in Sicily, the homeland of Archimedes.</p><br>
<h2>Historical accounts</h2><br>
<p>Mention of Tenea was made by Strabo</p><br>
<p>and Pausanias</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological findings</h2><br>
<p>Ruins of Tenea can still be found one kilometre south of Chiliomodi. Some of the archaeological findings are located today in the Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. The most famous finding, the statue from Tenea, known as Kouros of Tenea (c. 550 BC), which was found near Athikia in 1846, today stands in the Glyptothek of Munich. It is a great example of the 6th century BC Greek sculpture and also example of the so-called Aeginetean or archaic smile.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Tenea is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agionori</p><br>
<p>Agios Vasileios</p><br>
<p>Chiliomodi</p><br>
<p>Klenia</p><br>
<p>Koutalas (Koutalas, Mapsos, Spathovouni)</p><br>
<p>Stefani</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The Augusta Canal is a historic canal located in Augusta, Georgia, United States. The canal is fed by the Savannah River and passes through three levels  in suburban and urban Augusta before the water returns to the river at various locations. It was devised to harness the water power at the fall line of the Savannah River to drive mills, to provide transportation of goods, and to provide a municipal water supply. It is the only canal in the US in continuous use for its original purposes of providing power, transport and municipal water.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th Century</h3><br>
<p>The Augusta Canal was chartered in 1845 and initially completed in 1847, as a source of water, power and transportation for the city of Augusta. It was one of the few successful industrial canals in the American South. During the time of construction, the city&#39;s Canal Commission was headed by Henry Cumming. Cumming personally paid railroad engineerJ. Edgar Thomson to conduct the initial survey for the project. In 1847 construction began on the first factory, a saw and grist mill at the present site of Enterprise Mill. The Augusta Manufacturing Company, a sprawling four-story textile "manufactory", soon followed. They would be the first of many factories built along the Augusta Canal.</p><br>
<p>By the time of the Civil War, Augusta was one of the few manufacturing centers in the South. The power and water transportation afforded by the canal among the factors that led Confederate Col. George W. Rains to select Augusta as the location for the Confederate Powder Works. The twenty-eight buildings, which were the only ones designed, constructed and paid for by the government of the Confederate States of America, stretched for two miles along the Augusta Canal. Other war industries establish along or near the canal, making Augusta an important center for materiel.</p><br>
<p>As the Civil War moved into Georgia in 1864, there was fear that US General William T. Shermans troops would move to attack Augusta and her massive gunpowder factory. But Shermans march through the South left Augusta untouched. As a result, the city ended the war in reasonably better physical and economic condition than many Southern cities. The population had doubled and hard currency was available to finance recovery, including expansion of the canal.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, the city replaced its old water pumping station with impressive structure at mid-canal that is still used by the city of Augusta today. As the electric age began to dawn, Augusta began to turn the canal&#39;s falling water power to drive the first electrical generation equipment. By 1892, Augusta boasted both electric streetcars and street lights — the first Southern city to have these amenities.</p><br>
<h3>20th Century</h3><br>
<p>Flooding was a big problem in Augusta during the early 20th century. Following major floods in the 1920s and 1930s, the Federal Works Progress Administration deployed hundreds of workers to make repairs and improvements, build a new spillway and to straighten the canal.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-20th century, the canal came into a period of neglect. Textile factories began to close and the city&#39;s industrial activity began to shift south of the city. At one point in the 1960s, city officials considered draining the canal to build a superhighway.</p><br>
<p>Flickers of interest in reviving the Augusta Canal began appearing in the 1970s. A state park was proposed, but never materialized. In 1989, the state legislature created the Augusta Canal Authority, the body that has jurisdiction over the canal today. In 1993, the Authority issued a comprehensive Master Plan, outlining the Canal’s development potential. In 1996, the US Congress designated the Augusta Canal a National Heritage Area, the first such designation in Georgia.</p><br>
<h3>21st Century</h3><br>
<p>The Augusta Canal Authority moved forward with its master plan. In 2003 the Augusta Canal Interpretive Center (now Discovery Center) opened in the revitalized Enterprise Mill. In late 2003 and early 2004 two modern-day Petersburg boats, inspired by the cargo vessels that once plied the canal with bales of cotton and farm goods, began operation for guided tours.</p><br>
<p>The King and the Sibley textile mills are now owned by the Augusta Canal Authority.</p><br>
<h2>National Designations</h2><br>
<p>The canal is, along with four historic industrial areas, part of the Historic Augusta Canal and Industrial District, which was named a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It was also named a National Heritage Area by Congress in 1996, the first designated National Heritage Area in Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<h2>Augusta Canal Discovery Center at Enterprise Mill</h2><br>
<p>Enterprise Mill in Augusta is also site of the Augusta Canal Discovery Center at Enterprise Mill&#39;, (known as the Interpretive Center from 2003-2013.) The interactive museum details how the canal was built and how it works, hydroelectricity, the history of the mills along the canal and the life of mill workers, and the 20th century decline of the mills and the effects on the canal. Boat tours of the Canal start from the Discovery Center.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Church is an Episcopal church located at 2401 East Broad Street in Richmond, Virginia, United States. Formed from several earlier parishes, St. Johns is the oldest church in the city of Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1741 by William Randolph&#39;s son, Colonel Richard Randolph; the Church Hill district was named for it. It was the site of two important conventions in the period leading to the American Revolutionary War, and is famous as the location where Patrick Henry gave his memorable speech at the Second Virginia Convention, closing with the often-quoted demand, "give me liberty, or give me death!" The church is designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Henricus</h3><br>
<p>The earliest precursor of St. Johns was Henrico Parish Church, initially located at Sir Thomas Dales progressive development at Henricus (also known as the "Cittie of Henricus", "Henricopolis" or "Henrico Town"). When the colony was organized, the Anglican Church was the established church of the Crown.</p><br>
<p>Founded in the Virginia Colony in 1611, Henricus was notable for a number of "firsts". It was the first to allocate land to individuals and the site of the first "College" in the English colonies, a school modeled after those in England of that era. The College at Henricus was to include education for the children of the Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>It was at Henricus that colonists held Pocahontas captive; she was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, leader of the Powhatan Confederacy. During the year-long wait, the first rector of the church, the Reverend Alexander Whitaker, an Englishman, taught her about Christianity and helped her improve her fluency in English. She was baptized as "Rebecca". She married John Rolfe, who established Varina Farms, a plantation across the James River. Rolfe smuggled seeds of sweet Spanish tobacco into Virginia, where it rapidly replaced the much harsher local strains.</p><br>
<p>Whitaker was drowned in the James River in 1617. His associate, the Reverend William Wickham, held the Henrico Parish Church together awaiting the arrival from England of the Reverend Thomas Bargrave in 1619. Also in 1619, Henricus became located in Henrico Cittie (sic), one of four large "incorporations" or "burroughs" formed by the Virginia Company of London in 1619.</p><br>
<p>Henricus was an outpost of Jamestown, one of the most westerly settlements at the time. This proved a severe disadvantage on Good Friday in 1622, when the entire development at Henricus and the church were destroyed in the Indian Massacre of 1622. A third of the English colonists in Virginia were killed.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Company lost its charter in 1624 and Virginia became a royal colony. Henricus was not rebuilt, but its long-lost site, now located in Chesterfield County (formed from Henrico County in 1749), was discovered in the late 20th century. A county historical park is located there.</p><br>
<h3>Varina, Henrico Parish</h3><br>
<p>Despite the destruction of Henricus, the colony continued to grow, and a small village developed at Rolfe&#39;s Varina Farms Plantation, which became known as Varina (also called "Henrico Parish" in early years). The Shire of Henrico (soon renamed Henrico County) was formed in 1634 as one of the eight original shires of Virginia. The initial county seat was at Varina, which officially became a town in 1680. In those days before separation of church and state, the parish boundaries were the same as those of the county.</p><br>
<p>Notable among Henrico Parishs leaders was the Reverend Dr. James Blair (1656–1743), who was named Commissary in the Virginia Colony for the Bishop of London, making him the colonys highest-ranking religious leader. At the urging of the House of Burgesses, he became a founder and the first president of the College of William and Mary. In doing so, James Blair is said to have used some of the plans of the ill-fated earlier College at Henricus. Apparently taking no chances, the newer College was established at the fortified location of Middle Plantation in James City County, later renamed Williamsburg, to which the capital was later moved from Jamestown. Blair became the rector of Bruton Parish Church there.</p><br>
<p>Exact locations of the church buildings at Varina are unknown. A third or fourth church building was built a few miles east of Varina Farms on a plantation known as "Curles", some twenty miles east of the present city of Richmond, in the current Varina District of Henrico County. The only relic of that church still surviving is the bowl of the baptismal font, which today is used at St. John&#39;s.</p><br>
<h3>Richmond, Church Hill</h3><br>
<p>Henrico Parish Church moved to Richmond in 1741, and was housed in what is now the Church Hill neighborhood, on land donated by William Byrd II. Byrd also donated timber used to build the church, and wood to fire the kiln for the bricks for the foundation. Henrico&#39;s county seat was also moved from Varina to Richmond in 1752. The county offices were moved to a building still extant at present-day Twenty-second and Main Streets, where they operated until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The builder of the new church was Col. Richard Randolph (1686–1748), great-uncle to Thomas Jefferson. The original church building was completed on June 10, 1741. It remains as the transept of the current church, built along east-west lines. In 1772, a forty-foot-square extension was added to the northern side, orienting the church towards the south, to which end the altar was moved.</p><br>
<p>Over one hundred frame churches similar to this existed in Virginia before the American Revolution, of which only four are still standing. One of these is the Old Chapel Church in Franklin County, Virginia</p><br>
<h3>Second Virginia Convention</h3><br>
<p>The Virginia colonial legislative assembly, the House of Burgesses, was dismissed by the royal governor due to tensions that led up to the American Revolutionary War. The Burgesses met as a provisional government in the First Virginia Convention in Williamsburg. Since the governor had loyalist forces in the vicinity of the capital of Williamsburg, it was decided to hold the next convention in Richmond. On March 23, 1775, the Second Virginia Convention was opened at the church. The President of the Convention was Peyton Randolph, who was also the Speaker of the House of Burgesses.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Miles Selden was the rector of St. John&#39;s church at the time, and when the Convention assembled, he was chosen as Chaplain. Selden was popularly referred to as the "Patriot Parson." Among the 120 delegates were Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. Other notable delegates were Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Mann Randolph, Richard Bland, Richard Henry Lee and Francis Lightfoot Lee. Debate centered on the perceived need to raise a militia to resist encroachments on civil rights by the British Government under King George III. Patrick Henry, a delegate from Hanover County, rose in support of such a militia and, with his fiery speech (concluding with the words "Give me liberty or give me death!"), swayed the vote.</p><br>
<p>Under a Resolution offered by Richard Henry Lee, the House of Burgesses on May 15, 1776 resolved that "the delegates appointed to represent this colony in General Congress be instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the united Colonies free and independent states."</p><br>
<p>It is notable that the Second Virginia Convention authorized Baptist chaplains to minister to soldiers, an important early step toward freedom of religion in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia. Baptists and Methodists had been influential in Virginia during and following the Great Awakening, and many of the common people had already become affiliated with Baptist and Methodist congregations. After the war, the Anglican Church was disestablished, and the Episcopal Church of the United States was organized.</p><br>
<h3>Third Virginia Convention</h3><br>
<p>The Third Virginia Convention was held at St. John&#39;s Church on July 17, 1775 to organize the troops and the war effort of Virginia. George Washington of Fairfax had been appointed head of the American Army. The delegates acknowledged the debt to Patrick Henry, whose wisdom had already begun the arming of the colony, and he was named the first Governor of Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>American Revolutionary War</h3><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, in January 1781, General Benedict Arnold, the traitor who was then serving on the British side, quartered his troops in the church when Richmond was occupied.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The church serves an active congregation and ministries, and also receives tourists as an historic site.</p><br>
<p>George Wythe, the first law professor in the United States, a delegate to the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, is buried in the churchyard. Elizabeth Arnold Poe, mother of author Edgar Allan Poe, is buried in the churchyard. Her exact burial spot is unknown, but a memorial marks the general area.</p><br>
<p>The church has allowed a small souvenir shop to be located within the churchyard, from which regular guided tours depart. These tours take place inside the church and explore the events in Virginia leading up to the Second Virginia Convention, Patrick Henry&#39;s famous speech, and his political career.</p><br>
<p>Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station, a National Historic Site of Canada found atop Sulphur Mountain in Banff National Park, commemorates Canada&#39;s participation in the International Geophysical Year, during 1957 to 1958. Canada constructed nine sites to study cosmic rays, but this site in particular was the most important due to its higher elevation. The National Research Council constructed a laboratory at the site in the winter of 1956-57. The building was not visible from the Banff townsite as a condition of its construction.</p><br>
<p>The station was run by Dr. B. G. Wilson with the help of two assistants and was equipped with a standard IGY neutron monitor. The national research council maintained its operation until 1960 when the University of Calgary took over its operations and Dr. Wilson found a permanent position there. An improved NM64 neutron monitor was installed in 1963 but the IGY monitor continued to operate until 1972. The station ceased operations in 1978 and the building was dismantled in 1981. In 1982 it was designated as a National Historic Site. A plaque now marks the spot of the station&#39;s location.</p><br>
<p>The Wainwright Building  is a 10-story, 41 m red brick office building at 709 Chestnut Street in downtown St. Louis, Missouri. The Wainwright Building is considered to be among the first early skyscrapers in the world. It was designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan in the Palazzo style and built between 1890 and 1891. It was named for local brewer, building contractor, and financier Ellis Wainwright.</p><br>
<p>The building, listed as a landmark both locally and nationally, is described as "a highly influential prototype of the modern office building" by the National Register of Historic Places. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright called the Wainwright Building "the very first human expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture."</p><br>
<p>The building is currently owned by the State of Missouri and houses state offices.</p><br>
<p>In May 2013 it was listed by a PBS program as one of "10 Buildings That Changed America" because it was "the first skyscraper that truly looked the part" with Sullivan being dubbed the "Father of Skyscrapers."</p><br>
<h2>Commission, design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The Wainwright building was commissioned by Ellis Wainwright, a St. Louis brewer. Wainwright needed office space to manage the St Louis Brewers Association. It was the second major commission for a tall building won by the Adler & Sullivan firm, which had grown to international prominence after the creation of the ten-story Auditorium Building in Chicago (designed in 1886 and completed in 1889). As designed, the first floor of the Wainwright Building was intended for street-accessible shops, with the second floor filled with easily accessible public offices. The higher floors were for "honeycomb" offices, while the top floor was for water tanks and building machinery.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Aesthetically, the Wainwright Building exemplifies Sullivans theories about the tall building, which included a tripartite (three-part) composition (base-shaft-attic) based on the structure of the classical column, and his desire to emphasize the height of the building. He wrote: " must be tall, every inch of it tall. The force and power of altitude must be in it the glory and pride of exaltation must be in it. It must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exultation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line." His 1896 article cited his Wainwright Building as an example. Despite the classical column concept, the buildings design was deliberately modern, featuring none of the neoclassical style that Sullivan held in contempt.</p><br>
<p>Historian Carl W. Condit described the Wainwright as "a building with a strong, vigorously articulated base supporting a screen that constitutes a vivid image of powerful upward movement." The base contained retail stores that required wide glazed openings; Sullivans ornament made the supporting piers read as pillars. Above it the semi-public nature of offices up a single flight of stairs are expressed as broad windows in the curtain wall. A cornice separates the second floor from the grid of identical windows of the screen wall, where each window is "a cell in a honeycomb, nothing more". The buildings windows and horizontals were inset slightly behind columns and piers, as part of a “vertical aesthetic” to create what Sullivan called “a proud and soaring thing.” This perception has since been criticized as the skyscraper was designed to make money, not to serve as a symbol.</p><br>
<p>The ornamentation for the building includes a wide frieze below the deep cornice, which expresses the formalized yet naturalistic celery-leaf foliage typical of Sullivan and published in his System of Architectural Ornament, decorated spandrels between the windows on the different floors and an elaborate door surround at the main entrance. "Apart from the slender brick piers, the only solids of the wall surface are the spandrel panels between the windows..... They have rich decorative patterns in low relief, varying in design and scale with each story." The frieze is pierced by unobtrusive bull&#39;s-eye windows that light the top-story floor, originally containing water tanks and elevator machinery. The building includes embellishments of terra cotta, a building material that was gaining popularity at the time of construction.</p><br>
<p>One of Sullivan&#39;s primary concerns was the development of an architectural symbolism consisting of simple geometric, structural forms and organic ornamentation. The Wainwright Building where he juxtaposed the objective-tectonic and the subjective-organic was the first demonstration of this symbolism.</p><br>
<p>Unlike Sullivan, Adler described the building as a "plain business structure" stating:</p><br>
<p>In a utilitarian age like ours it is safe to assume that the real-estate owner and the investor in buildings will continue to erect the class of buildings from which the greatest possible revenue can be obtained with the least possible outlay...The purpose of erecting buildings other than those required for the shelter of their owners is specifically that of making investments for profit.</p><br>
<p>The building is considered the first skyscraper to forgo the normal ornamentation used on skyscrapers at the time.</p><br>
<p>Some architectural elements from the building have been removed in renovations and taken to the Sauget, Illinois storage site of the St. Louis Building Arts Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Upon its initial completion, the Wainwright Building was "popular with the people" and received "favorably" by critics.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the building was designated as a National Historic Landmark and in 1972 it was named a city landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Wainwright building was initially rescued from demolition by the National Trust for Historic Preservation when the Trust took an option on the structure. Later, it was acquired by Missouri as part of a state office complex and the St. Louis Landmarks Association, in one of its early victories, is credited with having rescued the Wainwright Building from a construction project.</p><br>
<p>The neighboring Lincoln Trust building (later known as the Title Guaranty building; designed by Eames and Young, built in 1898 at 706 Chestnut St.) was demolished to make way for the Gateway Mall in 1983. Carolyn Toft, Landmarks Association&#39;s executive director, stated that this building "... formed an ensemble with three other late-19th century commercial buildings, including, that could not be equaled anywhere else in the country. Saving the Wainwright was important, but how much more important it would have been to save the entire group." Architect John D. Randall led an extensive letter-writing campaign to the governor and other noted officials; the campaign resulted in the restoration of the building as a state office building instead of its demolition.</p><br>
<p>After a period of neglect, the building now houses Missouri state offices.</p><br>
<p>The Paseo del Prado is one of the main boulevards in Madrid, Spain. The Paseo del Prado is the oldest historical urban in Madrid and was declared Bien de Interés Cultural . It runs north-south between the Plaza de Cibeles and the Plaza del Emperador Carlos V , with the Plaza de Cánovas del Castillo  lying approximately in the middle. The Paseo del Prado forms the southern end of the city&#39;s central axis .</p><br>
<p>This densely tree-lined, wide and centric avenue is a landmark for the city residents and the location of important cultural and tourist spots in the city, including the so-called Golden Triangle of Art, which encompasses three museums: the Prado Museum (with highlights such as Diego Velázquezs Las Meninas and Francisco de Goyas La maja vestida and La maja desnuda), the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (housing a collection that spans eight centuries of European painting), and the Reina Sofia Museum (where Pablo Picassos Guernica hangs, among a collection of 20th-century art). In the vicinity are located the Parque del Buen Retiro and the Casón del Buen Retiro (hosting the 19th-century collection of the Prado Museum), as well as the headquarters of the Real Academia Española (the Spanish language academy), the Bolsa de Madrid (the citys stock exchange), and the Congreso de los Diputados (the national congress).</p><br>
<p>The Paseo del Prado boulevard includes several monuments and enclosures that are of historical and artistic interest, erected in the eighteenth century for the Hall of Prado urban project. Numerous ornamental and landscaping grounds were constructed for this project. The highlights of this project include the Villanueva Building, headquarters of the Prado Museum, the Royal Botanical Gardens and the sculptural water fountains of Neptune, Cibeles and Apollo.</p><br>
<p>A controversial project of thorough reform and revitalization of the Paseo del Prado and the Paseo de Recoletos, known as Plan Especial Recoletos-Prado and authored by an international team of architects led by Álvaro Siza, was approved by the city council on 23 June 2005, but as of December 2010 its environmental impact study is still underway and reconstruction has not been initiated.</p><br>
<h2>Notable structures</h2><br>
<p>Sheffield Island Light is a historic lighthouse located at the southern end of the Norwalk Islands in Norwalk, Connecticut. It marks the west side of the mouth of the Norwalk River on northern Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>The island, at the time known as "White Island", was purchased by Captain Robert Sheffield in 1804 for $6000. In 1826 Gershom Smith, Sheffields son in law, sold 4 of the islands 53 acre at the southwest point to the United States government for the purpose of building a lighthouse. Smith would serve as the first keeper for the light which was completed in 1828. At the time the island was known as Smith Island. The first light originally ran on oil.</p><br>
<p>In 1857 the light was upgraded to a fourth-order Fresnel lens. The original 30 ft tower was replaced by a Victorian style limestone (masonry) dwelling, with a 44 ft high light tower in the gable, in 1868. The Fresnel lens from 1857 was moved into the new structure and with a focal plane 51 ft above water it was visible for more than 12 mi. The lighthouse is of the same design as lighthouses at Great Captain Island and Morgan Point in Connecticut; Old Field Point Light and Plum Island in New York; and Block Island North in Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>Greens Ledge Light was built to the west of Sheffield in 1900 and was better located to warn ships of the rocks and shoals on the approach to Sheffield Island harbor and Norwalk harbor. Sheffield Island Light was then deactivated in 1902. In 1987 the 118-year-old structure was purchased by the Norwalk Seaport Association for renovation and restoration. In 1989 the lighthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1993 an electric generator was added to the structure. In the fall of that year, a great storm flooded the basement of the building and artifacts were lost or destroyed. In October 2011 the lighthouse was re-lit by a solar powered system installed to replace the gasoline generator system. The beacon is focused only on the Norwalk side and is not intended for use as navigation.</p><br>
<p>Mahé is the largest island  of Seychelles, lying in the northeast of the nation in the Indian Ocean. The population of Mahé was 77,000, as of the 2010 census. It contains the capital city of Victoria and accommodates 86% of the country&#39;s total population. The island was named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, a French governor of Mauritius.</p><br>
<p>Mahé&#39;s tallest peak is Morne Seychellois at 905 m, which lies in the Morne Seychellois National Park. The northern and eastern parts of the island are home to much of the population and the Seychelles International Airport which opened in 1971. The southern and western parts have Baie Ternay Marine National Park, Port Launay Marine National Park, and University of Seychelles. The Sainte Anne Marine National Park lies offshore, as do Conception Island, Thérèse Island, Anonyme Island and several smaller islands.</p><br>
<p>Mahé was first visited by the British in 1609 and not visited by Europeans again until Lazare Picault&#39;s expedition of 1742. The French navy frégate Le Cerf (English: The Deer) arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756. On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey, leader of the French expedition, which claimed the island for the King of France by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe, Seychelles’ oldest monument, now on display in the National Museum, Victoria.</p><br>
<p>In August 1801 a Royal Navy frigate HMS Sibylle captured the French frigate Chiffonne on the island. Mahé remained a French possession until 1812 when it became a British colony. It remained a colony until 1976 when Seychelles became an independent nation.</p><br>
<p>Mahé&#39;s forests have rare endemic plants found only in Seychelles, such as the critically endangered Medusagyne oppositifolia (the jellyfish tree), the carnivorous Nepenthes pervillei (Seychelles pitcher plant), and many unique species of orchid.</p><br>
<p>Mahé had a huge land reclamation project due to a shortage of housing, in the areas of Bel Ombre and the Port of Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Mahé&#39;s economy is mainly dependent on tourism.</p><br>
<p>Air Seychelles has its head office on the property of Seychelles International Airport on the island. The Port of Victoria is home to a tuna fishing and canning industry.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island has multiple districts.</p><br>
<p>Zubački kabao  is a mountain in Montenegro. At 1,894 m, it is the highest summit of the Orjen range in the Dinaric Alps. It is also the highest peak of the eastern Adriatic.</p><br>
<p>From Zubački kabao views spread out before one of bleached white limestone crags of the surrounding Dinaric ranges, the Bay of Kotor and the Adriatic coast, and inland as far as Durmitor, while to the south-east lies the Skadar lake and the mountains of Albania.</p><br>
<p>Fine weather is needed on this heavy rainfall zone where over 8000 mm has been recorded in a single year (1936). On Zubački kabao scattered clumps of pine seem to cling precariously to any sheltered fold or gully in the stark cliffs. About the summit of Zubački kabao altimediterranean vegetation is distinctive.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Minnedosa Lake is a man-made lake in the Canadian province of Manitoba near Minnedosa, Manitoba. It was created between 1910 and 1912 to serve as a reservoir for a hydro-electric dam. Today it is a popular recreation site, for both boating and swimming. The lake is considered one of the best sites for competitive rowing in Canada and was the venue for the 1999 Pan American Games rowing events. The lake is fed by the Little Saskatchewan River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A dam was approved in December 1907 by the Government of Canada. After several delays, the dam was completed in 1912. Minnedosa was the second community in the Province of Manitoba to generate its own hydroelectric power. Initially privately owned, the generation plant was taken over by the Manitoba Power Commission in 1920. The dam provided power until 1933. The lake was used as a source of water for the town, for recreation, and for supplying the engines of the Canadian Pacific Railway. On May 4, 1948 the spillway of the dam failed due to erosion of structure, and the resulting flood damaged many homes and businesses in the town. The spillway was not repaired until 1950 by the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration.</p><br>
<p>Sonargaon  was a historic administrative, commercial and maritime centre in Bengal. Situated in the centre of the Ganges delta, it was the seat of the medieval Muslim rulers and governors of eastern Bengal. Sonargaon was described by numerous historic travellers, including Ibn Battuta, Ma Huan, Niccolò de&#39; Conti and Ralph Fitch as a thriving centre of trade and commerce.</p><br>
<p>It was an administrative centre of Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah&#39;s sultanate, the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Bhati.</p><br>
<p>The area is located near the modern industrial river port of Narayanganj in Bangladesh. Today, the name Sonargaon survives as the Sonargaon Upazila (Sonargaon Subregion) in the region.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-Muslim period</h3><br>
<p>The name Sonargaon came as the Bangla version of the ancient name Suvarnagrama. Buddhist ruler Danujamadhava Dasharathadeva shifted his capital to Suvarnagrama from Bikrampur sometime in the middle of the 13th century.</p><br>
<h3>Muslim period</h3><br>
<p>Muslim settlers first arrive in Sonargaon region in around 1281. Sharfuddin Abu Tawwamah, a medieval Sufi saint and Islamic philosopher came and settled here sometime between 1282 and 1287. He then established his Khanqah and founded a Madrasa.</p><br>
<p>Firoz Shah built a mint in Sonargaon from where a large number of coins were issued. The same year, Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq, son and successor of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, released him and appointed him as the governor of Sonargaon province.</p><br>
<p>After 4 years of governorship, in 1328, Bahadur Shah declared independence of Bengal. Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent his general, Bahram Khan, to depose him. In the battle, Bahadur Shah was defeated and killed. Bahram Khan recaptured Sonargaon for the Delhi Sultanate and he was also appointed the governor of Sonargaon.</p><br>
<p>When Bahram Khan died in 1338, his armour-bearer, Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah, declared himself the independent Sultan of Sonargaon. 14th century Moroccan traveller, Ibn Batuta, after visiting the capital in 1346, described Fakhruddin as "a distinguished sovereign who loved strangers, particularly the fakirs and sufis". After the death of Fakhruddin in 1349, Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah became the next independent ruler of Sonargaon.</p><br>
<p>Ilyas Shah, the independent ruler of Lakhnauti, attacked Sonargaon in 1352. After defeating Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah, he became the sole ruler of whole Bengal for the first time in history and thus he became the founder of a sultanate of the unified Bengal.</p><br>
<p>A squadron of the Chinese fleet of Zheng He, commanded by the eunuch Hong Bao, visited Sonargaon in 1432. The information about that expedition comes from the book of one of its participants, the Muslim translator Ma Huan. In 1451 Huan wrote his experience in details in his book Yingyai Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean&#39;s Shores).</p><br>
<p>Sonargaon is the eastern terminus of the Grand Trunk Road, which was built by the Pashtun emperor Sher Shah Suri and extended approximately 2500 kilometres from Bangladesh across northern India and Pakistan to Kabul in Afghanistan.</p><br>
<h4>Isa Khan's rule</h4><br>
<p>When Taj Khan Karrani was the independent Afghan ruler of Bengal, Isa Khan obtained an estate in Sonargaon and Maheswardi Pargana in 1564 as a vassal of the Karrani rulers. Isa Khan gradually increased his strength and in 1571 he was designated as the ruler of the whole Bhati region. In 1575 he helped Daud Khan Karrani fight the Mughal flotilla in the vicinity of Sonargaon.</p><br>
<p>Daud Khan Karrani died in the Battle of Raj Mahal against Mughals in 1576. Akbar then made Isa Khan the zamindar of Sonargaon, making him one of the Baro-Bhuiyans. However, he continued resisting Mughal rule. With the help of his allies, he stood defiant against Mughals in battle against Subahdar Khan Jahan in 1578, Subahdar Shahbaz Khan in 1584 and Durjan Singh in 1597. Isa Khan died in September 1599. His son, Musa Khan, then took control of the Bhati region. But after the defeat of Musa Khan on 10 July 1610 by Islam Khan, the army general of Mughals, Sonargaon became one of the sarkars of Bengal subah. The capital of Bengal was then shifted to Jahangirnagar (later named Dhaka).</p><br>
<h3>British period</h3><br>
<p>Panam City was established in the late 19th century as a trading centre of cotton fabrics during British rule. Hindu cloth merchants built their residential houses following colonial style with inspiration derived from European sources. Today this area is protected under the Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh. The city was linked with the main city area by three brick bridges – Panam Bridge, Dalalpur Bridge and PanamNagar Bridge – during the Mughal period. The bridges are still in use.</p><br>
<p>Sonakanda Fort is a Mughal river-fort located on the bank of the Shitalakshya River at Bandar.</p><br>
<h3>Bangladesh period</h3><br>
<p>Lok Shilpa Jadughar (Folk Art and Craft Museum) of Sonargaon was established by Bangladeshi painter Joynul Abedin on 12 March 1975. The house, originally called Bara Sardar Bari, was built in 1901.</p><br>
<p>On 15 February 1984, Narayanganj subdivision was upgraded to a district by the Government of Bangladesh. Hence Sonargaon became a subdistrict of Narayanganj District of Dhaka division.</p><br>
<p>Due to the many threats to preservation (including flooding and vandalism), Sonargaon was placed in 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites by the World Monuments Fund.</p><br>
<h2>Trade</h2><br>
<p>By the 14th century Sonargaon became a commercial port. Trade activities were mentioned by travellers like Ibn Batuta, Ma Huan and Ralph Fitch. Maritime ships travelled between Sonargaon and southeast/west Asian countries. Muslin was produced in this region.</p><br>
<p>Lasqueti Island  is an island off the east coast of Vancouver Island in the Strait of Georgia, Powell River Regional District, British Columbia, Canada and is home to about 425 year-round residents. A passenger-only ferry connects the island to the community of French Creek, near Parksville. The ferry makes two to three runs per day, five days per week, weather permitting.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lasqueti Island was named in 1791 by Spanish Naval officer José María Narváez, commander of the Santa Saturnina.*</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>Lasqueti is neither tourist friendly nor tourist hostile. The island community is an enclave of Canadian counter-culture. Lasqueti Island is one of the least developed of the major Gulf Islands. Its roads are mostly unpaved, and it is the only one of the larger Gulf Islands that is not currently connected to BC Hydro&#39;s electrical power grid. Solar, wind, micro-hydro, and fossil fueled generators power the island.</p><br>
<p>There is a hotel and a restaurant in False Bay, where the ferry arrives and departs. There are at least three B&B&#39;s on the island, but services are seasonal and very limited. Potable water may be scarce at times, in different places on the island. There are local markets and an informal food cooperative but they operate at odd hours, depending on the season and demand. Lasqueti island has a yearly Arts Festival on Canada Day Weekend, and other activities. These different festivals and informal activities feature local painters, sculptors, poets, fiction writers, and historians. Performing arts, on the Canada Day long-weekend, include: The Bolting Brassicas (marching band), the Lasquirkus (circus), and other activities.</p><br>
<p>The island has a reputation for sailing and sea kayaking which is considered among some of the finest, but also among the most challenging, in lower British Columbia. Tides and currents may become foreboding without warning - the winter weather down the Strait of Georgia has been responsible for various mariners&#39; deaths.</p><br>
<h2>Police and Fire Services</h2><br>
<p>The island is currently under the jurisdiction of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The island maintains a two truck volunteer fire department.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The island had a population of 426 in the Canada 2011 Census, up 18% from the Canada 2006 Census,</p><br>
<p>and a land area of 73.57 km² (28.4 sq mi).</p><br>
<h2>Aquaculture and agriculture</h2><br>
<p>Aquaculture includes clams, geoducks, oysters, honey mussels, and prawns. Agriculture include seasonal vegetables, orchards, nuts, and berries. There are a few farms on Lasqueti Island. Their products range from blueberries, apple juice, eggs, to maple syrup. There also is a shellfish farm and a shellfish hatchery.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is generally divided between drier and wetter areas. The latter often characterized by red cedar and the former by native cacti, arbutus and succulent plants. Some old growth forest still exists on this island as well giving it a unique flora and fauna coverage. The understory of the forests on the island have seen extensive damage due to the proliferation of feral sheep.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The soils on this island for the most part are shallow, stony deposits over bedrock which is almost entirely igneous and largely basaltic.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>Squitty Bay is Lasqueti Island’s only Provincial Park. There is also the Lasqueti Island Ecological Reserve. Camping or campfires are not allowed at any of the parks on Lasqueti Island.</p><br>
<p>Jedediah Island Marine Provincial Park and Sabine Channel Provincial Park are provincial parks that exist on nearby islands. Camping is allowed at both of these provincial parks. Jedediah Island Marine Provincial Park is the site of a heritage farm of a former settler.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Lasqueti Island is featured in an investigative news report by Global&#39;s 16x9 called Off the Grid, which aired on April 28, 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Islands near Lasqueti Island</h2><br>
<p>Major:</p><br>
<p>Texada Island</p><br>
<p>Minor:</p><br>
<p>Jedediah Island</p><br>
<p>Finnerty Islands</p><br>
<p>Jervis Island</p><br>
<p>Bull Island</p><br>
<p>Sangster Island</p><br>
<p>Jenkins Island</p><br>
<p>Sisters Lighthouse</p><br>
<p>The Río Negro  is the most important river in Uruguay. It originates in the southern highlands of Brazil, just east of Bagé, and flows west across the entire width of Uruguay to the Uruguay River. The course of the Río Negro across Uruguay effectively divides the south of the country from the north. The Río Negro&#39;s principals tributaries are Yí River and Tacuarembó River.</p><br>
<p>The river is dammed near Paso de los Toros, creating the Rincón del Bonete Reservoir, also called the Gabriel Terra Reservoir or the Rio Negro Reservoir. With a surface area of about 420 square miles, it is the largest reservoir in Uruguay and an installed capacity of 160 MW.</p><br>
<p>Downstream from the Rincón del Bonete Reservoir, there are two more dams, the Baygorria Dam and the Constitución Dam at Palmar, which generate hydroelectric power for Uruguay with 108 MW and 333 MW, respectively.</p><br>
<p>The Río Negro&#39;s drainage basin size is about 69,700 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Lošinj  is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea, in the Kvarner Gulf. It is almost due south of the city of Rijeka and part of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County.</p><br>
<p>The settlements on Lošinj include Nerezine, Sveti Jakov, Ćunski, Artatore, Mali Lošinj and Veli Lošinj.</p><br>
<p>A regional road runs the length of the island; ferry connections (via the island of Cres) include Brestova - Porozina, Merag - Valbiska, Mali Lošinj - Zadar, Mali Lošinj - Pula. There is also an airport on the island of Lošinj.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lošinj is part of the Cres-Lošinj archipelago. The Cres-Lošinj archipelago includes Cres and Lošinj, and the smaller islands of Unije, Ilovik, Susak, Vele Srakane, Male Srakane and a number of uninhabited small islands. Cres is the biggest by area, Lošinj is second. Cres and Lošinj are connected by a small bridge at the town of Osor on Cres. The highest elevations are the mountains Televrin (also called Osoršćica) at 588 m and Sv. Nikola (also called Sv. Mikul) at 557 m. The towns of Nerezine and Sveti Jakov lie at their base. The island is formed predominantly of chalk limestone and dolomite rocks. There are sand deposits in the western part of the Kurila peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Lošinj is the 11th largest Adriatic island by area, 33 km long, with the width varying from 4.75 km in the north and middle of the island, to 0.25 km near the town of Mali Lošinj. The total coastline of the island is 112.7 km.</p><br>
<p>With around 2600 hours of sunshine a year, the island has become a popular destination for Slovenian, German and Italian tourists in the summer months. Average air humidity is 70%, and the average summer temperature is 24 &deg;C and 7 &deg;C during the winter.</p><br>
<p>The island has a mild climate and evergreen vegetation (like myrtle, holm oak, and laurel). The highest elevations in the north have more sparse vegetation. Veli Lošinj, Čikat and the south-western coast are ringed by pine forests.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Settlement on nearby Cres is known to date back around 12,000 years, and the island of Lošinj is also thought to have been inhabited since prehistoric times. This is evidenced by hill-forts at the foot of Osoršćica and around the port of Mali Lošinj. According to Ptolemy, the Romans called this island Apsorrus, and referred to the islands of Lošinj and Cres collectively as Apsirtides. In several places, ruins of Roman villas have been excavated (villae rusticae: Liski, Sveti Jakov, and Studenčić near Ćunski). Several small eremitic churches dating from the Roman era have been preserved (St. Lovreć near Osor, and St. James in Sveti Jakov).In the Middle Ages, Lošinj was the property of the clerical and secular nobility of Osor and unpopulated.</p><br>
<p>The first evidence of settlers from the mainland was in 1280. Pursuant to a contract with Osor, their settlements gained self-governance in 1389. The name Lošinj was first mentioned in 1384. Parallel with the gradual decline of Osor from the 15th century onwards, the settlements Veli Lošinj and Mali Lošinj played an increasingly important role.</p><br>
<p>In the 18th and 19th centuries, trade, shipbuilding and seafaring on the island developed more intensely. After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797, Lošinj became part of the Austrian province (crown land) of Istria under the Treaty of Campo Formio. By 1900 the population had reached 11,615. In 1921, it was given as 15,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, Lošinj, with its partially Italian population, became part of Italy under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain, as confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Rapallo. It was held by them until 1943 when it was occupied by German Wehrmacht and Croatian troops during World War II as part of the Operational Zone Adriatic Coast. In 1945 the island and the rest of Croatia became part of Yugoslavia, until Croatia declared independence from the Yugoslav Federation in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The post-Second World War period saw a substantial exodus (see Istrian exodus for further details) of its Italian-speaking population to Italy and to other countries.</p><br>
<p>According to the last census the number of Italian-speaking citizens in Lošinj were 557 (6.64% of the total official resident population). Before the independence of Croatia from the Yugoslav Federation, the official censi reported the Italian-speaking minority being much smaller (figures quoted in the official census conducted in 1981 shows that the Italian minority accounted only for 1.5% of the resident population).</p><br>
<p>Expatriates in Italy and around the world publish a newsletter which keeps their memories and traditions alive.</p><br>
<p>On the Island Italian is popular as a second language.</p><br>
<h2>People and art</h2><br>
<p>Agostino Straulino (b. 10 October 1914 in Mali Lošinj; d. 14 December 2004 in Rome) was an Italian sailor and sailboat racer, who won one Olympic gold medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics (Helsinki) and one silver medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics (Melbourne) in the Star class, and eight consecutive European championships (1949–56) and two world championships (1952–53) in this class and was world champion in the 5.5m-class. His first experiences were sailing in the Kvarner Gulf, and he learned to sail going to school in his boat.</p><br>
<p>Gaudentius of Ossero: Born c. 1000 AD and presided over the Diocese of Ossero (Osor) as bishop and later became a saint and patron of the island. Legend has it that he banished all venomous snakes from the islands while hiding in a cave from his persecutors. His remains now lie in the altar of the church bearing his name in Osor.</p><br>
<p>The Cosulich family of shipbuilders originated in Lošinj probably prior to the 18th century and rose to prominence in the region, eventually establishing a successful shipping business in Venice and around the world, where the Cosulich Line became renowned.</p><br>
<p>The Losinj&#39;s Apoxyomenos: (the "Scraper") is a bronze statue that dates back to the 1st or 2nd century BC. This type of figure was first developed by the Greek sculptor Lysippos of the 4th century BC. It was discovered underwater in the Lošinj archipelago near the uninhabited island of Vele Orjule. The Lošinj Channel was a frequent navigational route leading to the northern part of the Adriatic, to Istria and Italy. It is believed to be from a Roman shipwreck although there are no other apparent remnants. Apoxyomenos is one of the Greek conventions in representing an athlete, caught in the familiar act of scraping sweat and dust from his body with the small curved instrument that the Greeks called a strigil. The statue now resides in the Lošinj museum in the Mali Lošinj harbour.</p><br>
<p>The Parthenon in Centennial Park, Nashville, Tennessee is a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens. It was designed by Confederate veteran William Crawford Smith and built in 1897 as part of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition.</p><br>
<p>Today the Parthenon, which functions as an art museum, stands as the centerpiece of Centennial Park, a large public park just west of downtown Nashville. Alan LeQuire&#39;s 1990 re-creation of the Athena Parthenos statue is the focus of the Parthenon just as it was in ancient Greece. The statue of Athena Parthenos within is a reconstruction of the long-lost original to careful scholarly standards: she is cuirassed and helmeted, carries a shield on her left arm and a small 6 ft statue of Nike (Victory) in her right palm, and stands 42 ft high, gilt with more than 8 lb of gold leaf; an equally colossal serpent rears its head between her and her shield. Since the building is complete and its decorations were polychromed (painted in colors) as close to the presumed original as possible, this replica of the original Parthenon in Athens serves as a monument to what is considered the pinnacle of classical architecture. The plaster replicas of the Parthenon Marbles found in the naos (the east room of the main hall) are direct casts of the original sculptures which adorned the pediments of the Athenian Parthenon, dating back to 438 BC. The surviving originals are housed in the British Museum in London and at the Acropolis Museum in Athens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nashville&#39;s moniker, the "Athens of the South", influenced the choice of the building as the centerpiece of the 1897 Centennial Exposition. A number of buildings at the Exposition were based on ancient originals, however the Parthenon was the only one that was an exact reproduction. It was also the only one that was preserved by the city, although the Knights of Pythias Pavilion building was purchased and moved to nearby Franklin, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Major Eugene Castner Lewis was the director of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition and it was at his suggestion that a reproduction of the Parthenon be built in Nashville to serve as the centerpiece of Tennessee’s Centennial Celebration. Lewis also served as the chief civil engineer for the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad. Originally built of plaster, wood, and brick, the Parthenon was not intended to be permanent, but the cost of demolishing the structure combined with its popularity with residents and visitors alike resulted in it being left standing after the Exposition. In 1895 George Julian Zolnay was "employed to make models for the ornamentation" for the building. Within the next 20 years, weather had defaced the landmark; it was then rebuilt on the same foundations, in concrete, in a project that started in 1920; the exterior was completed in 1925 and the interior in 1931.</p><br>
<p>Some of the most elaborate events that occurred at the Parthenon were the Spring Pageants of 1913 and 1914. These extravaganzas were theatrical productions on a massive scale. With casts of up to 500, the Pageants brought in audiences from surroundings states and rail prices were lowered to encourage attendance. The entire city of Nashville reveled in the opportunity to celebrate the "Athens of the South." The 1913 performance was entitled The Fire Regained, a play written by Sidney Mttron Hirsch, and featured a mythological storyline enhanced by theatrical spectacle popular in that era. The 1914 production, "The Mystery at Thanatos," had a similarly mythological plot, but was shorter and better received. A copy of the script is on file at the Nashville Public Library. The most impressive thing about these Pageants was the incredible use of visual spectacle. Both shows featured impressive displays ranging from chariot races to huge dance numbers to thousands of live birds to set pieces that shot flames, all set against the backdrop of the majestic Nashville Parthenon.</p><br>
<p>As an art museum, the Parthenon&#39;s permanent collection is a group of 63 paintings by 19th- and 20th-century American artists donated by James M. Cowan. Additional gallery spaces provide a venue for a variety of temporary shows and exhibits.</p><br>
<p>In the summertime, local theatre productions use the building as a backdrop for classic Greek plays such as Euripides Medea and Sophocles Antigone, performing (usually for free) on the steps of the Parthenon. Other performances, such as Mary Zimmermans Metamorphoses, have been done inside, at the foot of Athenas statue.</p><br>
<p>It contains a replica, completed in 1990, of the Athena Parthenos statue which was in the original Parthenon in Athens.</p><br>
<p>The Parthenon got a full makeover in 2002 with a much needed cleaning and restoration to the exterior. The exterior lighting was upgraded to allow the columns of the building to be illuminated with different colors than the facade, allowing a uniquely versatile display of effects for events.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Parthenon served as the location for the political rally in the climactic scene of Robert Altmans 1975 film Nashville. It was also used as a backdrop for the battle against the Hydra in the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief. It features in the title and lyrics of the song Nashville Parthenon from the album Etiquette, by Casiotone for the Painfully Alone. It was used in the 2000 PBS series Greeks: Crucible of Civilization. A poem titled "Ganymede" in Heather Ross Millers Celestial Navigator: Writing Poems with Randall Jarrell features the Parthenon.</p><br>
<p>The structure also figures in the climax of the Hector Lassiter novel, "Three Chords & The Truth," by Craig McDonald.</p><br>
<p>Lake Nakuru is one of the Rift Valley soda lakes at an elevation of 1754 m above sea level. It lies to the south of Nakuru, in the rift valley of Kenya and is protected by Lake Nakuru National Park.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s abundance of algae used to attract a vast quantity of flamingos that famously lined the shore. Other birds also flourish in the area, as do warthogs, baboons and other large mammals. Eastern black rhinos and southern white rhinos have also been introduced.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s level dropped dramatically in the early 1990s but has since largely recovered. In 2013, the lake received an alarming increase in the water levels that led to the migration of flamingos to Lake Bogoria in search for food supply.</p><br>
<p>Nakuru means "Dust or Dusty Place" in the Maasai language. Lake Nakuru National Park, close to Nakuru town, was established in 1961. It started off small, only encompassing the famous lake and the surrounding mountainous vicinity, but has since been extended to include a large part of the savannahs.</p><br>
<p>Lake Nakuru is protected under the Ramsar Convention on wetlands.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Nakuru National Park</h2><br>
<p>Lake Nakuru National Park (188 km, 73 mi), was created in 1961 around Lake Nakuru, near Nakuru Town. It is best known for its thousands, sometimes millions of flamingos nesting along the shores. The surface of the shallow lake is often hardly recognizable due to the continually shifting mass of pink. The number of flamingos on the lake varies with water and food conditions and the best vantage point is from Baboon Cliff. Also of interest is an area of 188 km (116 mi) around the lake fenced off as a sanctuary to protect giraffes as well as both black and white rhinos.</p><br>
<p>The park has recently been enlarged partly to provide the sanctuary for the black rhinos. This undertaking has necessitated a fence - to keep out poachers rather than to restrict the movement of wildlife. The park marches for 12.1 km on the south eastern boundary with the Soysambu conservancy which represents a possible future expansion of habitat for the rhinos and the only remaining wildlife corridor to Lake Naivasha.</p><br>
<p>The park now (2009) has more than 25 eastern black rhinoceros, one of the largest concentrations in the country, plus around 70 endemic southern white rhinos. There are also a number of Rothschild&#39;s giraffe, again relocated for safety from western Kenya beginning in 1977. Waterbuck are very common and both the Kenyan species are found here. Among the predators are East African lions, cheetahs and leopards, the latter being seen much more frequently in recent times. The park also has large sized pythons that inhabit the dense woodlands, and can often be seen crossing the roads or dangling from trees.</p><br>
<p>As well as flamingos, there are myriad other bird species that inhabit the lake and the area surrounding it, such as African fish eagle, Goliath heron, hamerkop, pied kingfisher and Verreaux&#39;s eagle among others.</p><br>
<h2>Habitat and Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Lake Nakuru, a small (it varies from 5 to 45 square kilometers) shallow alkaline lake on the southern edge of the town of Nakuru lies about 164 kilometers north of Nairobi. It can therefore be visited in a day tour from the capital or more likely as part of a circuit taking in the Masai Mara (Also Maasai Mara) or Lake Baringo and east to Samburu. The lake is world-famous as the location of the greatest bird spectacle on earth - myriads of fuchsia pink flamingos whose numbers are legion, often more than a million - or even two million. They feed on the abundant algae, which thrives in the warm waters. Scientists reckon that the flamingo population at Nakuru consumes about 250,000 kg of algae per hectare of surface area per year.</p><br>
<p>There are two types of flamingo species: the lesser flamingo can be distinguished by its deep red carmine bill and pink plumage unlike the greater, which has a bill with a black tip. The lesser flamingos are ones that are commonly pictured in documentaries mainly because they are large in number. The number of flamingos has been decreasing recently, perhaps due to too much tourism, pollution resulting from industries waterworks nearby who dump waste into the waters or simply because of changes in water quality which makes the lake temporarily inhospitable. Usually, the lake recedes during the dry season and floods during the wet season.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, there have been wide variations between the dry and wet seasons water levels. It is suspected that this is caused by increasing watershed land conversion to intensive crop production and urbanization, both which reduce the capacity of soils to absorb water, recharge ground water and thus increase seasonal flooding. Pollution and drought destroy the flamingos food, Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, and causing them to migrate to the nearby Lakes, more recently lakes Elmenteita, Simbi Nyaima and Bogoria. Local climate changes have also been hypothesized to contribute to the changing environmental conditions in the lakes catchment. Recent media reports indicate increasing concern among stakeholders, as mass flamingo migrations and deaths could spell doom to the tourism industry.</p><br>
<p>The flamingos feed on algae, created from their droppings mixing in the warm alkaline waters, and plankton. But flamingo are not the only avian attraction, also present are two large fish eating birds, pelicans and cormorants. Despite the tepid and alkaline waters, a diminutive fish, Alcolapia grahami has flourished after being introduced in the early 1960s. The lake is rich in other bird life. There are over 400 resident species on the lake and in the surrounding park. Thousands of both little grebes and white winged black terns are frequently seen as are stilts, avocets, ducks, and in the European winter the migrant waders.</p><br>
<p>Zooplankton: The monogonont rotifer species Brachionus sp. Austria (belonging to the Brachionus plicatilis cryptic species complex) occurs in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The West Coast Range is a mountain range located in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The range lies to the west and north of the main parts of the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park.</p><br>
<p>The range has had a significant number of mines utilising the geologically rich zone of Mount Read Volcanics. A number of adjacent ranges lie to the east: the Engineer Range, the Raglan Range, the Eldon Range, and the Sticht Range but in most cases these are on a west&ndash;east alignment, while the West Coast Range runs in a north&ndash;south direction, following the Mount Read volcanic arc.</p><br>
<p>The range has encompassed multiple land uses including the catchment area for Hydro Tasmania dams, mines, transport routes and historical sites. Of the communities that have existed actually in the range itself, Gormanston, is probably the last to remain.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical features</h2><br>
<p>These are determined by a number of factors - the southerly direction of glaciation in the King River Valley and around the Tyndalls; as well as the general north -south orientation of the West Coast Range itself.</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>The following mountains are contained within the West Coast Range, including sub-ranges without a specifically named peak and also including subsidiary peaks.</p><br>
<h3>Smaller hills and features</h3><br>
<p>Darwin Crater - a probable meteorite impact crater associated with Darwin glass</p><br>
<p>Gooseneck Hill</p><br>
<p>Henty Glacial Moraine</p><br>
<p>Marble Bluff - adjacent to the confluence of the Eldon and South Eldon rivers and the northern edge of Lake Burbury</p><br>
<p>Teepookana Plateau</p><br>
<p>Thureau Hills - adjacent to the eastern slopes of Mount Owen and Mount Huxley</p><br>
<p>Walford Peak - adjacent to Lake Dora</p><br>
<h3>Rivers</h3><br>
<p>Anthony River on the northern part of the range</p><br>
<p>Bird River at the southern end of the range</p><br>
<p>Eldon River on the eastern side of the range</p><br>
<p>Governor River on the eastern side of the range</p><br>
<p>Henty River on the western side of the range</p><br>
<p>King River starting in the Eldon Range and passing between Mount Huxley and Mount Jukes, dammed by The Hydro</p><br>
<p>Mackintosh River</p><br>
<p>Murchison River</p><br>
<p>Pieman River</p><br>
<p>Queen River runs through Queenstown, then to join with the King River to the west of Mount Huxley</p><br>
<p>Sophia River</p><br>
<p>South Eldon River</p><br>
<p>Tofft River runs between the Thureau hills and Mount Owen and Mount Huxley</p><br>
<p>Yolande River between Lake Margaret and the Henty River</p><br>
<h3>Lakes</h3><br>
<p>Basin Lake - on the western side of the range</p><br>
<p>Lake Adam - a tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Barnabas</p><br>
<p>Lake Beatrice - on the eastern edge of Mount Sedgwick</p><br>
<p>Lake Burbury - created by the damming of the King River by The Hydro</p><br>
<p>Lake Dora</p><br>
<p>Lake Dorothy</p><br>
<p>Lake Huntley - on the eastern side of Mount Tyndall</p><br>
<p>Lake Julia - in the area of the range known as The Tyndalls</p><br>
<p>Lake Mackintosh - created by damming the Mackintosh River</p><br>
<p>Lake Magdala - a tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Martha - tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Mary, Tasmania - a tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Margaret on the northern side of Mount Sedgwick</p><br>
<p>Lake Monica - tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Murchison - created by the damming of the Murchison River</p><br>
<p>Lake Myra - tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Paul - tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Peter - tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Philip - a tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Plimsoll</p><br>
<p>Lake Polycarp - a tributary lake for Lake Margaret</p><br>
<p>Lake Rolleston - between the Tyndall Range and the Sticht Range</p><br>
<p>Lake Selina - just west of Lake Plimsoll</p><br>
<p>Lake Spicer - just west of Eldon Peak</p><br>
<p>Lake Tyndall - south of Mount Tyndall</p><br>
<p>Lake Westwood - next to Mount Julia</p><br>
<h3>Reserves</h3><br>
<p>Mount Farrell Regional Reserve</p><br>
<p>Mount Murchison Regional Reserve</p><br>
<p>Tyndall Regional Reserve</p><br>
<p>Lake Beatrice Conservation Area</p><br>
<p>Princess River Conservation Area</p><br>
<p>Crotty Conservation Area</p><br>
<p>West Coast Range Regional Reserve (Clark River Valley)</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The slopes of Mount Owen, Mount Lyell and Mount Sedgwick are covered in stumps of forest trees killed by fires and smelter fumes from the earlier part of the twentieth century. The devastation of forests close to the mining operations at Queenstown was substantial as early as the 1890s and continued late into the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Some Huon Pine on the slopes of Mount Read have been found that show considerable age.</p><br>
<p>Due to fire, mining and a range of human activities the vegetation zones along the West Coast range can be considered to be mainly modified, and few pockets of vegetation could be considered unchanged since European presence.</p><br>
<p>The eastern side of the range is on the western boundary of the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park, and at these points the forests are in better condition.</p><br>
<p>Forestry conservation zones exist along its length in accordance with the Regional Forestry Agreement (RFA).</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>In the average winter the "1,000 metre snowline" sees most of the mountains with snow. In previous decades, Lake Margaret was the main long-term weather-reporting location, however the Mount Read automatic weather station now maintains extremes regularly reported on the Bureau of Meteorology website for extreme conditions. The rainfall records of Lake Margaret were on a par with Tully in Queensland for the highest rainfall in Australia. Approximations for the West Coast Range are made at 2800–3000 mm precipitation per year.</p><br>
<p>The prevailing weather is due to the location of the West Coast. It has no landmass shielding it from the Southern Ocean or Antarctic weather, and being in the Roaring Forties cold fronts and extreme weather are regular occurrences on the West Coast. The Cape Sorell Waverider Buoy which was initiated by the BOM in 1998 (there had been earlier testing buoys in the early 1990s) has given good indications of the behaviour of ocean swells to correlate with weather conditions.</p><br>
<p>Earlier weather records were kept for Queenstown and Zeehan. Due to change in population distribution and resources in the west coast, the main weather data is currently from Strahan Airport and Mount Read.</p><br>
<p>The following BOM recorded locations are relevant to West Coast Range:</p><br>
<h2>History and exploration</h2><br>
<p>Early European exploration of the range was made by explorers, and by convicts escaping from Macquarie Harbour Penal Station on Sarah Island. Most occurred in the late nineteenth century, but as late as the 1940s some government maps had "unexplored" or "insufficient survey" or words to that effect.</p><br>
<p>Of the mountains that are viewable from Macquarie Harbour - most were names associated with the proponents for and against the ideas that Charles Darwin was putting forward in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Bather Moore named Darwin, Geikie and Read and the Tyndall Range. Charles Gould named 1860 between 1862 Murchison, Sedgwick, Lyell and Owen; Huxley and Jukes were named later.</p><br>
<p>There were very small mining settlements in the Tyndalls, on Mount Darwin and Mount Jukes, and possibly very small camps of short duration in other locations. Linda in the Linda Valley is probably the only other remaining named location with population in a valley in the range. Queenstown lies in the Queen River valley on the western slopes of Mount Owen, or south western slopes of Mount Lyell, and is in effect out of the range.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>The Tasmanian Mines Department (in its various names over the last hundred years) has had guides to the minerals found in Tasmania - most are found in the West Coast region, these include</p><br>
<p>Barium, Copper, Gold, Pyrites, Silver, Zinc.</p><br>
<p>Mining sites, in most cases short-lived exist on the upper regions of Mount Darwin, and Mount Jukes. Longer lasting mines existed on the middle slopes of Mount Lyell (North, West and South sides), and on the middle and upper slopes of Mount Read.</p><br>
<p>Mineral exploration has occurred on the slopes of almost all of the named mountains over time.</p><br>
<p>Conservation measures in recent decades have put special restrictions on the activity so as to not replicate the damage of the Mount Lyell operation. A good example of the capacity to mine in a sensitive area is the Henty Gold Mine, at the northern end of the range.</p><br>
<p>See also West Coast Tasmania Mines for mines that occur on the West Coast Range - and in the West Coast region.</p><br>
<h2>Hydro Dams</h2><br>
<p>The West Coast of Tasmania was always attractive to plans for dams for hydro electricity. The King River was surveyed for this at the time of the First World War.</p><br>
<p>Then in the 1950s and early 1960s the early HEC surveys were conducted. The upper part of the Pieman scheme dammed parts of the West Coast Range, and the final major projects of the HEC dam making project were the Henty and King River Schemes.</p><br>
<h3>Pieman River Scheme</h3><br>
<p>The Pieman River Power Scheme involved the damming of rivers that start in the West Coast Range. It was the scheme that followed the Gordon River Scheme - and was to be followed by the Franklin River Scheme - but in reality was followed by the King River and Henty River schemes instead.</p><br>
<p>Construction commenced in 1974 and the scheme was completed by 1987. It involved dams on the Murchison and Macintosh rivers, as well as the Pieman River. The main construction town and administrative centre for the Hydro was at Tullah.</p><br>
<p>The Mackintosh Dam and power station were north of Tullah, while the Murchsion Dam and Lake were south. A third dam - the Bastyan Dam was just north of Rosebery, while the Reece Dam was a long way to the west - close to the town of Corinna.</p><br>
<h3>King River Scheme</h3><br>
<p>The Crotty Dam is an 82 metre high Hydro Tasmania dam on the King River between Mount Huxley and Mount Jukes. The Darwin Dam is a saddle dam at the foot of Mount Darwin. Both of the dams contain the 54 square kilometre Lake Burbury water storage area.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Initial access to the west coast region was by foot or by access from the sea - railways progressed further into the region much earlier than roads - the road from Hobart was not connected until the 1930s and the north coast until the 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>Railways</h3><br>
<p>To support the Mount Lyell and North Mount Lyell mines, railways were built from ports on Macquarie Harbour and travelled to the edge of the Range. They did not traverse the range.</p><br>
<p>North Mount Lyell Railway - port was at Pillinger in Kelly Basin</p><br>
<p>Mount Lyell Railway - port was at Regatta Point</p><br>
<p>Similarly the lines that connected with the Emu Bay Railway - the North East Dundas Tramway for example, did not traverse the range, but travelled to the foot of the mountains where the mines were active.</p><br>
<h3>Roads</h3><br>
<p>The Lyell Highway connection running through the West Coast range at the Linda Valley was not constructed until the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The road to Crotty from Queenstown (or more correctly the locality of Lynchford), built as the Mount Jukes Road by the Hydro as part of the King River dam scheme in the 1980s passed high above the King River Gorge on the northern side of Mount Jukes.</p><br>
<p>The Anthony Road constructed by the Hydro during the construction of the Anthony Power Scheme also cuts through the northern part of the range, as well as access to the glacial lakes in The Tyndalls - Lake Westwood, Lake Selina and Lake Julia.</p><br>
<h3>Landing grounds</h3><br>
<p>Although not currently serviced as a registered aerodrome the Queenstown airport (in operation in the 1960s and 1970s) just west of the townsite is the closest air service facility. Strahan Airport is the closest registered airport.</p><br>
<p>There have been a significant number of temporary helicopter landing sites throughout the range used by Hydro Tasmania and mineral exploration activities - but no inventory is known of these locations.</p><br>
<h2>Historical features and recent sites</h2><br>
<p>Tramways and Railways</p><br>
<p>Comstock Tram around the slopes of Mount Lyell - not to be confused with a tramway with same name out of Zeehan.</p><br>
<p>Lake Margaret Tram at western side of Mount Sedgwick</p><br>
<p>North Mount Lyell Railway Linda Valley, along King River Valley,</p><br>
<p>through the Crotty and Darwin townsites to Pillinger and Kelly Basin.</p><br>
<p>Townsites</p><br>
<p>Crotty on the eastern slopes of Mount Jukes</p><br>
<p>Darwin on the eastern slopes of Mount Darwin</p><br>
<p>Gormanston on the northern slopes of Mount Owen</p><br>
<p>Lake Margaret precinct</p><br>
<p>Linda in the Linda Valley between Mounts Owen and Lyell</p><br>
<p>Tullah amidst Lake Rosebery</p><br>
<p>Rosebery</p><br>
<p>Williamsford</p><br>
<p>Mine sites</p><br>
<p>Henty Gold Mine</p><br>
<p>Mount Jukes Mine sites on the upper slopes -including Lake Jukes Mine</p><br>
<p>Hydro sites</p><br>
<p>Anthony Power Station</p><br>
<p>Bastyan Power Station</p><br>
<p>Crotty Dam</p><br>
<p>Darwin Dam</p><br>
<p>John Butters Power Station</p><br>
<p>Lake Margaret Power Station</p><br>
<p>Franklin River proposed power development - cancelled in the 1980s</p><br>
<p>Gordon River proposed power development - cancelled in the 1980s</p><br>
<p>Main Roads</p><br>
<p>Lyell Highway in the Linda Valley between Mounts Owen and Lyell</p><br>
<p>The Henty River Rd From Henty Glacial Moraine to the Lake Murchison Dam (Anthony Power Station) and Tullah</p><br>
<p>Walking Tracks</p><br>
<h2>Geological mapping</h2><br>
<p>Geological maps of Tasmania: Mount Read Volcanics Project P. Komyshan...et al.</p><br>
<p>Hobart: Geological Survey of Tasmania, Division of Mines and Mineral Resources, Mount Read Volcanics Project, 1986-1993 - 13 maps: col. 92 x 96 cm. or smaller.</p><br>
<p>Map 1. Geology of the Mt. Charter-Hellyer area</p><br>
<p>Map 2. Geology of Rosebery-Mt. Block area</p><br>
<p>Map 3. Geology of the Henty River-Mt. Read area</p><br>
<p>Map 4. Geology of the Mt. Murchison area</p><br>
<p>Map 5. Geology of the Tyndall Range area</p><br>
<p>Map 6. Geological compilation map of the Mount Read volcanics & associated rocks, Hellyer to south Darwin Peak</p><br>
<p>Map 7. Geology of the Back Peak-Cradle Mountain Link Road area (not West Coast Range area)</p><br>
<p>Map 8. Geology of the Mt. Cattley-Mt. Tor area (not West Coast Range area)</p><br>
<p>Map 9. Geology of the Winterbrook-Moina area (not West Coast Range area)</p><br>
<p>Map 10. Geology of the Elliott Bay-Mt. Osmund area (not West Coast Range area)</p><br>
<p>Map 11. Geology of the Wanderer River-Moores Valley area (not West Coast Range area)</p><br>
<p>Map 12. Geology of the D&#39;Aguilar Range area (not West Coast Range area)</p><br>
<p>Map 13. Geology of the Mt. Jukes-Mt. Darwin area.</p><br>
<p>The Etchemin River is a river in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of eastern Quebec.</p><br>
<p>It gave its name to Les Etchemins Regional County Municipality. The river itself was named for the Abenaki native people of the area who the French called "les Etchemins". The source of the river is not Etchemin Lake but rather a little east of the lake, in Saint-Luc-de-Bellechasse.</p><br>
<p>The Etchemin River, which had become been the victim of pollution for decades, became the topic of conversation in 1993, when a few residents of Saint-Léon-de-Standon began to work on a project to revive the Atlantic salmon in the river. The project was scoffed at in the beginning; damming, logging along the Etchemin&#39;s shore, agricultural runoff and dumping had polluted the river so much that the last Atlantic salmon had been last seen there some two centuries ago. Although the odds were against them, the locals from different riverbank communities began work on the river. They formed the Comité de restauration de la rivière Etchemin (CRRE). Work then began on planting over 15,000 trees on the riverbanks, making salmon-friendly rapids and shelters for spawning. In 2002, the first adult Atlantic salmon was spotted in the river.</p><br>
<p>The Banks Islands  are a group of islands in northern Vanuatu. Together with the Torres Islands to the northwest, they make up the northernmost province of Torba. The group lies about 40 km north of Maewo, and includes Gaua and Vanua Lava, two of the 13 largest islands in Vanuatu. In 2009, the islands supported a population of 8,533</p><br>
<p>on a land area of 780 km².</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The largest island is Gaua (formerly called Santa Maria), which has a rugged terrain, rising to Mount Gharat, an active volcano at the centre of the island, at 797 m. The freshwater Lake Letas in the crater is the largest lake in Vanuatu.</p><br>
<p>The slightly smaller Vanua Lava, is higher at 946 m; it also has an active volcano at Mount Suretamate (also spelled Süretimiat or Sere&#39;ama, 921 m). To its east are two islets, Ravenga and Kwakea (or Qakea). Sola, the provincial capital, is on this island. The third largest island, Ureparapara (also known as Parapara), is an old volcanic cone that has been breached by the sea, forming Divers Bay on its east coast.</p><br>
<p>To the east of these larger islands lie a number of smaller ones. The furthest north, 50 km northeast of Ureparapara, is Vet Tagde (Vot Tande or Vot Ganai), an extinct volcano that last erupted 3.5 million years ago. The Rowa Islands (or Reef Islands) are a few very small, low islands on a coral atoll. Mota Lava is the largest and highest (411 m) of this eastern chain of islands; off its southern coast, attached by high corals that one can wade through at low tide, is the tiny islet of Ra. Mota, Merig and Merelava complete the southeastern part of the archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Languages</h2><br>
<p>The population of the Banks Islands speak fifteen different languages. Several are endangered, being spoken by no more than a few hundred, and sometimes just a handful of last speakers.</p><br>
<p>All these languages belong to the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian family.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The principal economic activity is subsistence agriculture, though copra, coffee and (on Gaua) cacao are grown for export. The sulphur deposits of Mount Suretamate on Vanua Lava were formerly worked by a French company. Tourism is increasingly important, on the islands with easy transport by airplane.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Banks Islands were the first part of Vanuatu discovered by a European explorer, from the 25 to 29 April 1606 when a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernández de Quirós sailed past Merelava and stopped at Gaua, before landing on Espiritu Santo and establishing a short-lived colony there. Merelava was charted as San Marcos, Mota Lava as Lágrimas de San Pedro (St. Peter’s tears), Vanua Lava as Portal de Belén (Stable at Bethlehem), and Gaua as Santa María.</p><br>
<p>They were later overlooked in 1774 when Captain James Cook explored Vanuatu and believed he saw the whole chain. They were first explored by William Bligh of the British Navy, and named after his patron Sir Joseph Banks. They were charted by Matthew Flinders. Vanua Lava was first explored by the New Zealand Bishop George Augustus Selwyn in 1859.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>There are airports on Mota Lava, Vanua Lava and Gaua, which have a few flights a week with Air Vanuatu. Ships come principally for the exports, but will also take passengers.</p><br>
<p>Independence National Historical Park is a United States National Park in Philadelphia that preserves several sites associated with the American Revolution and the nations founding history. Administered by the National Park Service, the 55 acre park comprises much of Philadelphias most-visited historic district. The park has been nicknamed "America&#39;s most historic square mile" because of its abundance of historic landmarks, and the park sites are located within the Old City and Society Hill neighborhoods of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the park is Independence Hall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, where the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted in the late 18th century. Independence Hall was the principal meetinghouse of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783 and the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. Across the street from Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell, an iconic symbol of American independence, is displayed in the Liberty Bell Center. The park contains other historic buildings, such as the First Bank of the United States, the first bank chartered by the United States Congress, and the Second Bank of the United States, which had its charter renewal vetoed by President Andrew Jackson as part of the Bank War. Carpenters&#39; Hall, the site of the First Continental Congress, is located on Park property as well, however the building is privately owned and operated. It also contains City Tavern, a recreated colonial tavern, which was the favorite of the delegates, and John Adams felt was the finest tavern in all America.</p><br>
<p>Most of the parks historic structures are located in the vicinity of the four landscaped blocks between Chestnut, Walnut, 2nd, and 6th streets. The park also contains Franklin Court, the site of a museum dedicated to Benjamin Franklin and the United States Postal Service Museum. An additional three blocks directly north of Independence Hall, collectively known as Independence Mall, contain the Liberty Bell Center, National Constitution Center, Independence Visitor Center, and the former site of the Presidents House. The park also contains other historical artifacts, such as the Syng inkstand which was used during the signings of both the Declaration and the Constitution.</p><br>
<h2>Historical context</h2><br>
<h3>Continental Congress and the American Revolution</h3><br>
<p>In response to the Intolerable Acts, which had punished Boston for the Boston Tea Party, the First Continental Congress met at Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia from September 5, 1774 to October 26, 1774. The convention organized a pact among the colonies to boycott British goods (the Continental Association) starting December 1, 1774 and provided for a Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress assembled at the Pennsylvania State House after the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition in July 1775, which affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated King George III to prevent further conflict. The petition was rejected—in August 1775, the Kings Proclamation of Rebellion formally declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion.</p><br>
<p>In February 1776, colonists received news that Parliament passed the Prohibitory Act, which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels. Although the measure amounted to a virtual declaration of war by the British, Congress did not have immediate authority to declare independence until each individual colony authorized its delegates to vote for independence. On June 11, Congress appointed the "Committee of Five," consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut, to draft an official declaration of independence. Congress unanimously adopted its final version of the Declaration on July 4, marking the formation of the United States of America. Historians believe that the Old State House Bell, now known as the Liberty Bell, was one of the bells rung to mark the reading of the Declaration on July 8.</p><br>
<h3>Philadelphia Convention</h3><br>
<p>After 1781, the national government operated under the Articles of Confederation, which gave the federal government virtually no power to regulate domestic affairs or raise revenue. At the Annapolis Convention in September 1786, the delegates asked for a broader meeting to be held the next May in Philadelphia to address the regulation of trade and the structure of the government. This resulted in the Philadelphia Convention, which met from May 14 to September 17, 1787 at the Pennsylvania State House.</p><br>
<p>The Convention was dominated by controversies and conflicting interests, but the delegates forged a Constitution that has been called a "bundle of compromises". At the convention, delegate James Madison presented the Virginia Plan, which proposed a national government with three branches with proportional representation. Large states supported this plan, but smaller states feared losing substantial power under the plan. In response, William Paterson designed the New Jersey Plan, which proposed a one-house (unicameral) legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. Roger Sherman combined the two plans with the Connecticut Compromise, and his measure passed on July 16, 1787 by seven to six—a margin of one vote. Other contentious issues were slavery and the federal regulation of commerce, which resulted in additional compromises.</p><br>
<h3>Seat of the federal government</h3><br>
<p>The Residence Act of 1790 empowered President George Washington to locate a permanent capital along the Potomac River. Robert Morris, a representative from Pennsylvania, convinced Congress to designate Philadelphia as the temporary capital city of the United States federal government. From December 6, 1790 to May 14, 1800, the same block hosted federal, state, county, and city government offices. Congress Hall, which was originally built to serve as the Philadelphia County Courthouse, served as the seat of the United States Congress. The House of Representatives convened on the first floor and the Senate convened on the second floor. During Congress Hall&#39;s duration as the capitol of the United States, the country admitted three new states: Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee; ratified the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution; and oversaw the Presidential inaugurations of both George Washington (his second) and John Adams. At the house, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 and the Alien and Sedition Acts were signed. The Supreme Court met at Old City Hall, where Chief Justices John Jay, John Rutledge, and Oliver Ellsworth presided over eleven docketed cases.</p><br>
<p>While plans for the permanent capital were being developed, Pennsylvania delegates continued to put forth effort to undermine the plan. The city began construction on a massive new Presidential palace on Ninth Street and an expansion to Congress Hall. Regardless of these efforts, the federal government relocated from Philadelphia for the final time on May 14, 1800.</p><br>
<h3>Usage as a municipal facility</h3><br>
<p>Despite its crucial role in the nation&#39;s founding, the site served most of its useful life as a municipal facility after the federal government relocated to the District of Columbia. The state government moved to Harrisburg in October 1812, and since there was little use for the Pennsylvania State House, the State of Pennsylvania considered selling it and dividing the State House Yard into building lots as early as 1802. The state came close to demolishing the hall in 1816. By 1818, the buildings had become surplus state property and were purchased by the City of Philadelphia, which used them uneventfully until late in the nineteenth century when the city government moved into a new city hall. In 1852, the Liberty Bell was removed from its steeple and put on public display within the "Declaration Chamber" of Independence Hall. Between 1885 and 1915, the Liberty Bell made seven trips by train to various expositions and celebrations until the city refused further requests.</p><br>
<h2>Park history</h2><br>
<p>The district&#39;s importance had waned with the western movement of City Hall and other institutions, but it remained an active and occupied business center. The first proposal for an Independence Hall park originated in 1915, when architects Albert Kelsey and D. Knickerbacker Boyd proposed clearing the half-block between Chestnut Street and Ludlow Street in front of Independence Hall. Kelsey and Boyd were motivated by a desire to create a fitting setting for Independence Hall, lessen the fire hazard, reduce congestion, and beautify the entire district. The idea for a park gained momentum in the 1920s and 1930s, with patriotic sentiment accompanying the American Sesqui-Centennial in 1926. The commencement of World War II led to a heightened sense of patriotism and urgency toward the protection of national monuments.</p><br>
<p>On June 28, 1948, Congress passed Public Law 795, H.R. 5053 to authorize the creation of Independence National Historical Park, and it was formally established on July 4, 1956. On March 16, 1959, it incorporated the Old Philadelphia Customs House (Second Bank of the United States), which had been designated a national historic site on May 26, 1939. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. In 1973, the Pennsylvania legislature voted to transfer the three blocks that compose Independence Mall to the federal government. Independence Hall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site on October 24, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Federal Bureau of Prisons Northeast Region Office is in the USA Custom House.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service, a federal agency within the Department of the Interior, is responsible for the parks maintenance and preservation. In the 2003 fiscal year, the National Park Service spent approximately US$30.7 million dollars on the park. Personnel and benefit costs represented about 41 percent of expenditures, and non-recurring construction and investment projects represented about 25 percent of expenditures. The Independence Visitor Center is operated as a joint venture between Independence National Historical Park and the Independence Visitor Center Corporation, a nonprofit organization. The National Park Service employs 247 permanent employees and seven seasonal employees. The parks cultural resource management program protects the historic buildings, archaeological sites, and cultural landscapes within the park, and approximately 1.5 million artifacts within the park. In 2003, the park&#39;s major projects primarily addressed repair and rehabilitation of park buildings and grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Independence Mall</h2><br>
<p>Most of INHP&#39;s buildings and land are contained within the broad plaza called Independence Mall, which is bookended by the National Constitution Center on the north, Independence Hall on the south, and Fifth and Sixth Streets on the east and west, respectively. The Mall was created in the 1950s</p><br>
<p>by city planner Ed Bacon to bring an open space to the heart of historic Philadelphia in front of Independence Hall. Most of the buildings that previously occupied the site of Independence Mall were late nineteenth-century buildings that replaced earlier buildings destroyed by fire in 1851 and 1855. Proponents of the mall thought these buildings were eyesores because of their contrast with the historic nature of the area. As plans emerged, retailers on Market Street resisted, arguing that the demolition was out-of-scale with the comparatively small landmark at its southern end.</p><br>
<p>By 1959, when the bulldozers finished work on Independence Mall, only the Free Quaker Meetinghouse remained. The building had been used as a warehouse for plumbing supplies before its restoration as part of the project. In 1961, the building was moved 38 feet west and 8 feet south to its present location to allow for the widening of Fifth Street.</p><br>
<p>To plan for the celebration of the United States Bicentennial in 1976, the NPS relocated the Liberty Bell from Independence Hall to the glass-enclosed Liberty Bell Pavilion, as the Independence Hall could not accommodate the millions expected to visit Philadelphia that year.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the NPS announced a plan to redesign Independence Mall. As part of the plan, several new public buildings were constructed. The Independence Visitors Center was opened in November 2001, the National Constitution Center was opened in July 2003, and the Liberty Bell, which had been housed in a glass pavilion, was moved into the Liberty Bell Center in October 2003. Exhibits include coverage of slavery in US history and its abolition.</p><br>
<p>At the corner of 6th and Market Street, a President&#39;s House memorial outlines the site of the former mansion and commemorates the slaves who worked there. The former building had been demolished in portions starting in 1835, and its remnants were removed during the creation of Independence Mall.</p><br>
<p>Independence Mall is bordered by the Philadelphia Mint, the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the James A. Byrne Courthouse (which houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania), and the main studio of WHYY-TV.</p><br>
<h2>Other park sites</h2><br>
<p>Features of Independence NHP include:</p><br>
<p>American Philosophical Society Hall</p><br>
<p>Bishop White House</p><br>
<p>Carpenters&#39; Hall</p><br>
<p>Christ Church</p><br>
<p>City Tavern</p><br>
<p>Congress Hall</p><br>
<p>Dolley Todd House</p><br>
<p>Franklin Court and</p><br>
<p>First Bank of the United States</p><br>
<p>Free Quaker Meeting House</p><br>
<p>Independence Hall</p><br>
<p>Independence Visitor Center</p><br>
<p>Korean War Memorial</p><br>
<p>Liberty Bell Center</p><br>
<p>Merchants&#39; Exchange Building</p><br>
<p>Mikveh Israel Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Old City Hall, meeting place of the Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>President&#39;s House (Philadelphia)</p><br>
<p>Second Bank of the United States</p><br>
<p>Washington Square and the Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier</p><br>
<p>Other NPS sites associated with Independence NHP but not located within its boundaries include:</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</p><br>
<p>Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site</p><br>
<p>Germantown White House (formerly the Deshler-Morris House)</p><br>
<p>Gloria Dei (Old Swedes&#39;) Church National Historic Site</p><br>
<p>Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial</p><br>
<p>Metapontum or Metapontium  was an important city of Magna Graecia, situated on the gulf of Tarentum, between the river Bradanus and the Casuentus . It was distant about 20 km from Heraclea and 40 from Tarentum. The ruins of Metapontum are located in the frazione of Metaponto, in the comune of Bernalda, in the Province of Matera, Basilicata region, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Foundation</h2><br>
<p>Though Metapontum was an ancient Greek Achaean colony, various traditions assigned to it a much earlier origin. Strabo ascribes its foundation to a body of Pylians, a part of those who had followed Nestor to Troy; while Justin tells us it was founded by Epeius, the hero who constructed the wooden horse at Troy; in proof of which the inhabitants showed, in a temple of Minerva, the tools used by him on that occasion. Another tradition, reported by Ephorus, assigned to it a Phocian origin, and called Daulius, the tyrant of Crisa near Delphi, its founder. Other legends carried back its origin to a still more remote period. Antiochus of Syracuse said that it was originally called Metabus, from a hero of that name, who appears to have been identified with the Metapontus who figured in the Greek mythical story as the husband of Melanippe and father of Aeolus and Boeotus.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Whether there may have really been a settlement on the spot more ancient than the Achaean colony, is impossible to be determined. It is known that at the time of the foundation of this city the site was unoccupied; the Achaean settlers at Crotona and Sybaris were therefore desirous to colonize it, in order to prevent the Tarentines from taking possession of it. With this view a colony was sent from the mother-country, under the command of a leader named Leucippus, who, according to one account, was compelled to obtain the territory by a fraudulent treaty. Another and a more plausible statement is that the new colonists were at first engaged in a contest with the Tarentines, as well as the neighbouring tribes of the Oenotrians, which was at length terminated by a treaty, leaving them in the peaceable possession of the territory they had acquired. The date of the colonization of Metapontum cannot be determined with certainty; but it was evidently, from the circumstances just related, subsequent to that of Tarentum, as well as of Sybaris and Crotona: hence the date assigned by Eusebius, who would carry it back as far as 774 BCE, is wholly untenable; nor is it easy to see how such an error can have arisen. It may probably be referred to about 700-690 BCE.</p><br>
<p>There are very few mentions of Metapontum during the first ages of its existence; however, it seems certain that it rose rapidly to a considerable amount of prosperity, for which it was indebted to the extreme fertility of its territory. The same policy which had led to its foundation would naturally unite it in the bonds of a close alliance with the other Achaean cities, Sybaris and Crotona; and the first occasion on which we meet with its name in history is as joining with these two cities in a league against Siris, with the view of expelling the Ionian colonists of that city. The war seems to have ended in the capture and destruction of Siris, but our account of it is very obscure, and the period at which it took place very uncertain. It does not appear that Metapontum took any part in the war between Crotona and Sybaris, which ended in the destruction of the latter city; but its name is frequently mentioned in connection with the changes introduced by Pythagoras, and the troubles consequent upon them. Metapontum, indeed, appears to have been one of the cities where the doctrines and sect of that philosopher obtained the firmest footing. Even when the Pythagoreans were expelled from Crotona, they maintained themselves at Metapontum, whither the philosopher himself retired, and where he ended his days. The Metapontines paid the greatest respect to his memory; they consecrated the house in which he had lived as a temple to Ceres, and gave to the street in which it was situated the name of the Museum. His tomb was still shown there in the days of Cicero. The Metapontines were afterwards called in as mediators to appease the troubles which had arisen at Crotona; and appear, therefore, to have suffered comparatively little themselves from civil dissensions arising from this source.</p><br>
<h2>Peloponnesian War</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the Athenian expedition to Sicily, 415 BCE, the Metapontines at first, like the other states of Magna Graecia, endeavoured to maintain a strict neutrality; but in the following year were induced to enter into an alliance with Athens, and furnish a small auxiliary force to the armament under Demosthenes and Eurymedon. It seems clear that Metapontum was at this time a flourishing and opulent city. From its position it was secured from the attacks of Dionysius of Syracuse; and though it must have been endangered in common with the other Greek cities by the advancing power of the Lucanians, it does not appear to have taken any prominent part in the wars with that people, and probably suffered but little from their attacks. Its name is again mentioned in 345 BCE, when Timoleon touched there on his expedition to Sicily, but it does not appear to have taken any part in his favour. In 332 BCE, when Alexander, king of Epirus, crossed over into Italy at the invitation of the Tarentines, the Metapontines were among the first to conclude an alliance with that monarch, and support him in his wars against the Lucanians and Bruttians. Hence, after his defeat and death at Pandosia, 326 BCE, it was to Metapontum that his remains were sent for interment. But some years later, 303 BCE, when Cleonymus of Sparta was in his turn invited by the Tarentines, the Metapontines, for what reason we know not, pursued a different policy, and incurred the resentment of that leader, who, in consequence, turned his own arms, as well as those of the Lucanians, against them. He was then admitted into the city on friendly terms, but nevertheless exacted from them a large sum of money, and committed various other excesses. It is evident that Metapontum was at this period still wealthy; but its citizens had apparently, like their neighbors the Tarentines, fallen into a state of slothfulness and luxury, so that they were become almost proverbial for their lack of vigor.</p><br>
<h2>Pyrrhic War and Roman domination</h2><br>
<p>It seems certain that the Metapontines, as well as the Tarentines, lent an active support to Pyrrhus, when that monarch came over to Italy; however, they are not mentioned during his wars there, nor it is known the precise period at which they passed under the yoke of Rome. Their name is, however, again mentioned repeatedly in the Second Punic War. They were among the first to declare in favor of Hannibal after the battle of Cannae; but notwithstanding this, their city was occupied by a Roman garrison some years later, and it was not until after the capture of Tarentum, in 212 BCE, that they were able to rid themselves of this force and openly espouse the Carthaginian cause. Hannibal now occupied Metapontum with a Carthaginian garrison, and seems to have made it one of his principal places of deposit, until the fatal battle of the Metaurus having compelled him to give up the possession of this part of Italy, 207 BCE, he withdrew his forces from Metapontum, and, at the same time, removed from thence all the inhabitants in order to save them from the vengeance of Rome.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>From this time the name of Metapontum does not again appear prominently in classical history; and it seems certain that it never recovered from the blow thus inflicted on it. But it did not altogether cease to exist; for its name is found in Pomponius Mela who does not notice any extinct places; and Cicero speaks of visiting it in terms that show it was still a town. That orator, however, elsewhere alludes to the cities of Magna Graecia as being in his day sunk into almost complete decay; Strabo says the same thing, and Pausanias tells that Metapontum in particular was in his time completely in ruins, and nothing remained of it but the theatre and the circuit of its walls. Hence, though the name is still found in Ptolemy, and the ager Metapontinus is noticed in the Liber Coloniarum (p. 262), all trace of the city subsequently disappears, and it is not even noticed in the Antonine Itineraries where they give the line of route along the coast from Tarentum to Thurii. The site was probably already subject to malaria, and from the same cause has remained desolate ever since.</p><br>
<p>Though Metapontum is mentioned less than of Sybaris, Crotona, and Tarentum, yet all accounts agree in representing it as, in the days of its prosperity, one of the most opulent and flourishing of the cities of Magna Graecia. The fertility of its territory, especially in the growth of corn, vied with the neighbouring district of the Siritis. It is known that the Metapontines sent to the temple at Delphi an offering of a golden harvest, perhaps referring to a sheaf or bundle of corn wrought in gold. For the same reason an ear of corn became the characteristic symbol on their coins, the number and variety of which in itself sufficiently attests the wealth of the city. They had a treasury of their own at Olympia still existing in the days of Pausanias. Herodotus tells that they paid particular honors to Aristeas, who was said to have appeared in their city 340 years after he had disappeared from Cyzicus. They erected to him a statue in the middle of the forum, with an altar to Apollo surrounded by a grove of laurels. From their coins they would appear also to have paid heroic honours to Leucippus, as the founder of their city. Strabo tells, as a proof of their Pylian origin, that they continued to perform sacrifices to the Neleidae.</p><br>
<p>The site and remains of Metapontum have been carefully examined by the Duc de Luynes, who has illustrated them in a special work. No trace exists of the ancient walls or the theatre of which Pausanias speaks. The most important of the still existing buildings is a temple, the remains of which occupy a slight elevation near the right bank of the Bradanus, about 3 km from its mouth. They are now known as the Tavola dei Paladini. Fifteen columns are still standing, ten on one side and five on the other; but the two ends, as well as the whole of the entablature above the architrave and the walls of the cella, have wholly disappeared. The architecture is of the Doric order, but its proportions are lighter and more slender than those of the celebrated temples of Paestum: and it is in all probability of later date. Some remains of another temple, but prostrate, and a mere heap of ruins, are visible nearly 3 km to the south of the preceding, and a short distance from the mouth of the Bradanus. This spot, called the Chiesa di Sansone, appears to mark the site of the city itself, numerous foundations of buildings having been discovered all around it. It may be doubted whether the more distant temple was ever included within the walls; but it is impossible now to trace the extent of the ancient city. The Torre di Mare, now the only inhabited spot on the plain, derives its name from a castellated edifice of the Middle Ages; it is situated 2.5 km from the sea, and the same distance from the river Basiento, the ancient Casuentus. Immediately opposite to it, on the sea-shore, is a small salt-water basin or lagoon, now called the Lago di Santa Pelagina, which, though neither deep nor spacious, in all probability formed the ancient port of Metapontum.</p><br>
<p>Metapontum was thus situated between the two rivers Bradanus and Casuentus (Basento), and occupied (with its port and appurtenances) a considerable part of the intermediate space. Appian speaks of a river between Metapontum and Tarentum of the same name, by which he probably means the Bradanus, which may have been commonly known as the river of Metapontum. This is certainly the only river large enough to answer to the description which he gives of the meeting of Octavian and Antony which took place on its banks.</p><br>
<h2>Coinage</h2><br>
<p>The coins of Metapontum, as already observed, are very numerous; and many of the later ones of very beautiful workmanship. Those of more ancient date, like the early coins of Crotona and Sybaris, have an incuse fabric; that is to say that the relief design of the obverse is repeated intaglio on the reverse. Some have speculated that this feature was devised by Pythagoras. The die axes are always aligned.</p><br>
<p>The more common type on later obverses is the head of Ceres but in the mid-late 4th century BCE, the head of the hero Leucippus, the reputed founder of the city appears for the first time. This is thought to be related to the expedition of Alexander I of Epirus to Southern Italy.</p><br>
<p>Lake Margaret  is the name of a lake high up on the north side of Mount Sedgwick,in the West Coast Range, West Coast of Tasmania in Australia. It was dammed in the early 1900s by the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company. Following the closing of that company in the 1990s, the control of the dam went to Hydro Tasmania.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<p>The dam was completed in 1918. It was the first gravity dam constructed in Tasmania and was built of concrete with conglomerate "plums". The dam was 17 metres high, had a length of 243 metres, and the wall has a volume of 6,000 cubic metres. In 1974 it was strengthened by the use of prestressed anchors and grouting of open joints.</p><br>
<h2>Power scheme</h2><br>
<p>A hydroelectric Lake Margaret Power Station and a townsite with the same name have been constructed. The purpose was to power the nearby mine and community surrounding the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company that was based in Queenstown. In the 1990s the HEC took over the operations.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The lake lies just east of Mount Cyril (797m), and south of Mount Geikie (1191m) in the West Coast Range. Mount Sedgwick is to the south. The Bastion (1107M) north of Mount Geikie and Farquhar Lookout (935m) define a rough line of the northern part of the catchment area.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>Numerous smaller lakes - some named and some not, lie above the location of the lake. The vesting of the catchment with the current operator of the hydro electric power station, makes the two feeder parts of the catchment specific Hydro land in contrast to the surrounding landscape which is either in the Tyndall Regional Reserve or the Lake Beatrice Conservation Area</p><br>
<p>The two southern feeder Hydro reserves start from the slopes of Mount Sedgwick- the westerly from Lake Barnables (less than 1 kilometre east of Lake Margaret, then to Lake Phillip. The eastern feeder starts at an &#39;Unnamed lake&#39;, to &#39;Lake Polycarp&#39;, &#39;Lake Peter&#39;, &#39;Lake Paul&#39;, &#39;Lake Apolllos&#39; and then to Lake Phillip.</p><br>
<p>The northern feeder starts from Lake Monica, Lake Myra, then Lake Magdala (782 metres), Lake Martha (757 metres), and lastly Lake Mary (732 metres), before flowing into Lake Margaret ( 660 metres)</p><br>
<p>The larger lower altitude natural lake of the area lies to the south east side of Mount Sedgwick and is known as Lake Beatrice.</p><br>
<h2>Yolande River</h2><br>
<p>The outflow from the Lake Margaret dam is into the Yolande River which further west joins with the Langdon River, another West Coast Range west flowing river, to join with the Henty River west of the Zeehan Highway.</p><br>
<p>The Helena River is a tributary of the Swan River in Western Australia. The river rises in country east of Mount Dale and flows north-west to Mundaring Weir, where it is dammed. It then flows west until it reaches the Darling Scarp.</p><br>
<p>It passes through the western edge of the Darling Scarp between Gooseberry Hill, and Greenmount Hill before joining the Swan River at the southern edge of the historic town, now suburb, of Guildford.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>Many of the tributaries of the Helena River are unnamed due to their seasonality and size. However, on the northern side of the catchment Nyaania Creek and on the southern side Piesse Brook are significant in their moving through built up areas which makes them susceptible to urban environment issues.</p><br>
<p>Upper Helena catchment (i.e. above Mundaring Weir) has on the north side of Lake C.Y. O&#39;Connor (formerly the Helena River Reservoir) a range of named creeks that occur in State Forest no 71 and 13:</p><br>
<p>Manns Gully</p><br>
<p>Chinaman Gully</p><br>
<p>Jones Gully</p><br>
<p>Michael Gully</p><br>
<p>Chauncy Gully</p><br>
<p>Middle Brook</p><br>
<p>Helena Brook</p><br>
<p>Hancock Brook</p><br>
<p>Emu Brook</p><br>
<p>Warin Brook</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>In the higher ground the Helena River passes mainly through State Forest or reserve. This has been beneficial for some of the catchment area, as it has been an important buffer between the urban settlements in the Mundaring and Kalamunda areas. The flora of the Helena valley has been recognised as being of importance because of the relative richness.</p><br>
<p>It is at Darlington, and the locality of Helena Valley that there is housing and agriculture on its banks before it emerges out on to the Swan Coastal Plain.</p><br>
<p>At Bellevue and Midland the river has historically passed hazardous industrial sites. This includes the Midland Railway Workshops site and the Midland livestock sale yards.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>It is dammed in two places – the best known is the upper river dam known as Mundaring Weir which was part of C.Y OConnors Goldfields Water Supply Scheme.</p><br>
<p>Since the lower dam – known as the Lower Helena Pipehead Dam has been constructed in the 1970s, flooding of the lower Helena River (in East Guildford and Guildford) has been substantially reduced. Most of the water collected in the Pipehead Dam is pumped back into Mundaring Weir.</p><br>
<p>Due to this, restrictions in the Helena River catchment have been made to not allow activities that affect the quality of the Pipehad Dam – despite being adjacent to the built up areas within the Shire of Mundaring on the north side of the Helena River catchment.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>The bridges design and strength were relevant to higher water flow prior to the construction of the pipehead dam, as significant flooding occurred in the early and mid twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The main bridges are at: –</p><br>
<p>Mundaring - Below Mundaring Weir, constructed: 1965, structure type: reinforced concrete, superstructure: solid flat slab, length: 48.76 metres, width: 9.12 metres.</p><br>
<p>Helena Valley - Scott Street, constructed: 1933, structure type: timber, superstructure: round timber: length: 44 metres, width: 10.77 metres.</p><br>
<p>Helena Valley – Roe Highway, constructed: 1985, structure type: prestressed concrete, superstructure: integral beam & slab, length: 54 metres, width: 17.64 metres.</p><br>
<p>Midland – Military Road, constructed: 1952, structure type: timber, superstructure: round timber: length: 55.92 metres, width: 8.7 metres.</p><br>
<p>Woodbridge – Amherst Road, constructed: 1969, structure type: prestressed concrete, superstructure: inverted t-beam, length: 73.4 metres, width: 11.6 metres.</p><br>
<p>East Guildford – Water Street, named: Morrison Bridge, constructed: 1964, structure type: prestressed concrete, superstructure: solid flat slab, length: 70.12 metres, width: 10.54 metres.</p><br>
<p>Guildford – Great Eastern Highway / Johnson Street, constructed: 1935, structure type: timber, superstructure: round timber: length: 92.95 metres, width: 11.8 metres.</p><br>
<p>The Beehive House was one of the official residences of Brigham Young, an early leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . The Beehive House gets its name from the beehive sculpture atop the house.</p><br>
<h2>Executive Mansion of Brigham Young</h2><br>
<p>The Beehive house was constructed in 1854, two years before the neighboring Lion House was built (also a residence of Youngs). Both homes are one block east of the Salt Lake Temple and Temple Square on South Temple street in Salt Lake City, Utah. The home was designed by Youngs brother-in-law and architect of the Salt Lake Temple, Truman O. Angell, who also designed the Lion House. It was constructed of adobe and sandstone.</p><br>
<p>Young was a polygamist, and the Beehive House was designed to accommodate his large family. The Lion House also became his official residence as governor of Utah Territory and president of the LDS Church. Upon its completion, Young briefly shared the Beehive House with his senior (and only legally recognized) wife Mary Ann Angell (1803–1882), though she chose to make her home in the White House, a smaller residence on the property. Young&#39;s first polygamous wife, Lucy Ann Decker Young (1822–1890), possibly due to her seniority, became hostess of the Beehive House and lived there with her nine children.</p><br>
<p>The Beehive House served as the executive mansion of Utah Territory from 1852 to 1855 and was where Young entertained guests. The home is connected by a suite of rooms to the Lion House. This suite included Young&#39;s offices and his private bedroom where he died in 1877.</p><br>
<h2>After Young's Death</h2><br>
<p>After Youngs death, there was much dispute and some litigation by Youngs heirs as to what was Youngs property and what was the churchs property. The Beehive House was among the properties in contention; although title was ultimately given to Youngs heirs. The Beehive House was replaced as the executive mansion by the much grander Gardo House, at which time it was briefly occupied by Youngs religious successors John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the late 1880s, Young&#39;s son, John W. Young, added a large Victorian style addition to the rear of the building, and heavily remodeled the older portion of the home. Although the Young family lost the home, when it was sold at auction in 1893 to satisfy debts held by John W. Young. John Beck, a successful miner and businessman, lived in the home for a short time before it was also sold to satisfy his creditors. Eventually it was purchased by the Church, and was used as the official home of church presidents Lorenzo Snow and his successor Joseph F. Smith, both of whom died in the mansion. Smith, who died in 1918, was the last church presidents to practice polygamy at the time of his death and shared the residence with four of his wives.</p><br>
<h2>Boarding House</h2><br>
<p>In 1920, the Young Women Mutual Improvement Association of the LDS Church opened the Beehive House as a boarding home for single women working in Salt Lake City, many of whom were working as secretaries at the adjacent buildings of the LDS Church&#39;s headquarters complex. It continued to operate as a boarding house until the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The building was restored in 1959–60 under the direction of Georgius Y. Cannon, a grandson to Brigham Young. It is now a historic house museum with period furnishings (many original to the house) to depict the Young family&#39;s life in the mid-19th century. Daily tours are given by Church missionaries free of charge.</p><br>
<p>Semisopochnoi Island or Unyak Island  is part of the Rat Islands group in the western Aleutian Islands of Alaska. The island is uninhabited and provides an important nesting area for maritime birds. The island is of volcanic origin, containing several volcanoes including Mount Cerberus. It has a land area of 85.558 square miles, measuring 18 km in length and 20 km in width.</p><br>
<p>At 179°46&#39; East (in the Eastern Hemisphere), the easternmost tip of Semisopochnoi is, by longitude, the easternmost land location in the United States and North America. Semisopochnoi sits only 14 minutes west of the 180th meridian.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Semisopochnoi has no native land mammals. Arctic foxes were introduced to the island during the 19th century for fur farming and removed in 1997. Most ground-nesting bird species (Aleutian cackling goose, rock ptarmigan) and most burrow-nesting seabirds (storm-petrels, ancient murrelets, Cassin&#39;s auklets, tufted puffins) were extirpated by foxes; Semisopochnoi Island is currently in the early stages of recovery. The island has remained free of Norway rats.</p><br>
<p>The large least and crested auklet colony near Sugarloaf Head is one of the largest among the nine auklet colonies in the Aleutian Islands. Crested auklets and least auklets breed in one colony, located on the south facing slopes of Sugarloaf Peak volcano and its associated cinder cones near Sugarloaf Head. Semisopochnoi Island also supports a significant population of red-faced cormorants.</p><br>
<p>In total, Semisopochnoi supports well over a million seabirds, most of which are least auklets or crested auklets.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Semisopochnoi, the largest subaerial volcano of the western Aleutians, is 20 km wide at sea level and contains a caldera 8 km wide that formed as a result of collapse of a low-angle, dominantly basaltic volcano following the eruption of a large volume of dacitic pumice. The high point of the island is 1,221 meter Anvil Peak, a double-peaked cone that forms much of the island&#39;s northern part. The three-peaked, 774-meter high Mount Cerberus is a volcano within the caldera. Each of the peaks contains a summit crater; lava flows on the northern flank of Cerberus appear younger than those on the southern side. Other post-caldera volcanoes include the symmetrical 855 m high Sugarloaf Peak south-southeast of the caldera and Lakeshore Cone, a small cinder cone at the edge of Fenner Lake in the northeast part of the caldera. Most documented historical eruptions have originated from Cerberus, although Coats (1950) considered that both Sugarloaf and Lakeshore Cone within the caldera could have been active during historical time.</p><br>
<p>Semisophochoi&#39;s last known volcanic eruption was in April 1987. A historic eruption of Semisopochnoi was reported in 1873, and at least four others may have occurred in the previous hundred years, but documentation is scanty. These eruptions apparently emanated from the flanks of Mount Cerberus; the most recent flow appears to be less than a century old.</p><br>
<h2>Easternmost North America location debate</h2><br>
<p>The other contenders for the title of easternmost North America location are Nordost Rundingen, Greenland at 12°08 West and Cape Spear, Newfoundland, Canada at 52°37 West—which, along with Semisopochnoi, are all island locations. Cape St. Charles at 55° 37&#39; West on the Labrador Peninsula is the easternmost point of mainland North America. Cape Spear is the easternmost location relative to the geographic center of North America if Greenland is excluded because it is not politically part of North America. For this and other reasons, Cape Spear is traditionally considered to be the easternmost location in North America. The locations within the territory of the Aleutian Islands which lie exactly on the 180th meridian are by longitude simultaneously the most westerly and most easterly points of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Atapuerca Mountains  is a karstic hill formation near the village of Atapuerca in Castile and León, northern Spain. In a still ongoing excavation campaign rich fossil deposits and stone tool assemblages were discovered in the complex of local caves that are attributed to the earliest known hominin residents in Western Europe. This "exceptional reserve of data" has been deposited during extensive Lower Paleolithic presence as the Atapuerca Mountains served as the preferred occupation site of Homo erectus, Homo antecessor  and Homo heidelbergensis communities. The earliest specimen yet unearthed and reliably dated confirm an age between 1.2 Million and 600,000 years. The site was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name, Archaeological Site of Atapuerca.</p><br>
<h2>Regional geography</h2><br>
<p>Encompassing 284,119 hectare the Atapuerca Mountains are a mid-altitude karstic range of small foothills around 1,080 m above sea level at the north-east corner of the Douro basin and to the south of the Cantabrian Mountains that run across northern Spain. Stretching alongside the Bureba corridor, a mountain pass that connects the Ebro river valley with the Mediterranean Sea and the Duero basin. This conjunction constitutes an ecotone, that is rich in species of both ecosystems. The mountain pass was part of an Roman causeway and the pilgrimage route of Saint James that is now traversed by the N-I and AP-1 highways. Situated strategically in between two major Drainage divides and near the mountain pass is assumed to have been supportive for the successful and prolonged hominid habitation.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological site</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological significance of the area became increasingly apparent during the construction of a railway line as deep trenches were cut through the rocks and sediments of the Gran Dolina site, the Galería Elefante and at Sima de los Huesos. The subsequent excavation of 1964 under the direction of Francisco Jordá Cerdá succeeded with the discovery of anthropogenic artifacts and human fossils from a broad time range of early humans, hunter-gatherer groups to Bronze Age occupants and modern human settlers. Further campaigns expanded and interdisciplinary work has been undertaken by several teams, led by Emiliano Aguirre from 1978 to 1990 and later jointly by Eudald Carbonell, José María Bermúdez de Castro and Juan Luis Arsuaga.</p><br>
<p>The government of Castile and León has designated the site an Espacio cultural and under the title Zona Arqueológica sierra de Atapuerca the site is protected under Spanish law as it was induced into the Bien de Interés Cultural heritage register.</p><br>
<h3>Portalón (1910 to present)</h3><br>
<p>The combined work of archaeologists Jesús Carballo (1910 to 1911), Geoffrey Clark (1971), José María Apellániz (1973 to 1983) and the current team of Juan Luis Arsuaga account for the documentation of the excavation sequence of ceramic objects from all relevant sediment layers since the Neolithic.</p><br>
<h3>Galería de la Eduarda y el Kolora (1972)</h3><br>
<p>The Galería de la Eduarda y el Kolora is a local cave that contains parietal rock paintings, only discovered in 1972 by a group of local speleologists.</p><br>
<h3>Galería (1978 to present)</h3><br>
<p>Among numerous faunal and floral fossils a jaw fragment was found during the 1970s and a skull fragment in 1995, which both belong to Homo heidelbergensis. They date to between 600,000 and 400,000 years BP.</p><br>
<h3>Trinchera Dolina (1981 to present)</h3><br>
<p>The Gran Dolina (also Trinchera Dolina, En: Dolina trench) site is a huge cavern, which is being excavated since September 1981. Its sediments were divided into eleven stratae (TD-1 to TD-11)</p><br>
<p>TD-11: Mousterian tools found</p><br>
<p>Level TD-10 presumed to have been a Homo heidelbergensis camp with tools and bison fossils.</p><br>
<p>Level TD-8, accessible since 1994, it contained remarkable carnivore fossils.</p><br>
<p>In level TD-7, a bovine leg in anatomical position was recovered in 1994</p><br>
<p>TD-6 (Aurora stratum): In 1994 and 1995, over 80 bone fragments of five or six hominids found, between 850,000 and 780,000 years old, being at least 250,000 years older than any other hominid yet discovered in western Europe. About 25% of the bones have manipulation marks that suggest cannibalism. Classification of these remains is still being debated, suggestions range from Homo erectus to Homo heidelbergensis and Homo antecessor. Some researchers, who are familiar with the stratigraphic material of Gran Dolina argue that Homo antecessor may be the ancestor of Homo heidelbergensis, who in turn gave rise to Homo neandertalensis. The Homo erectus-like fossils were also found with retouched flake and core stone tools.</p><br>
<p>Level TD-5 is assumed to have been a carnivore den.</p><br>
<p>In TD-4 (dated to 780,000 BP), four lithic pieces were found during the 1991 excavation and several remnants of Ursus dolinensis, a sparsely described bear species.</p><br>
<p>At the lowest levels (TD-1 and TD-2) no fossils</p><br>
<h3>Sima de los Huesos (1983 to present)</h3><br>
<p>Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones) accounts for the greatest number of valuable scientific discoveries and knowledge acquired with far-reaching implications. This site is located at the bottom of a 13 m deep shaft, or "chimney" accessible via the narrow corridors of the Cueva Mayor.</p><br>
<p>Since 1997 the excavators have located more than 5,500 human skeletal remains deposited during the Middle Pleistocene period, at least 350,000 years old, which represent 28 individuals of Homo heidelbergensis. Associated finds include Ursus deningeri fossils and a hand axe called Excalibur. Having received a surprisingly high degree of attention a number of experts support the hypothesis that this particular Acheulean tool made of red quartzite implies to have served as a ritual offering, most likely for a funeral. The idea sparked a renewal of the disputed evolutionary progress and the stages of human cognitive, intellectual and conceptual development. Ninety percent of the known Homo heidelbergensis fossil record have been obtained at the site. The fossil bone pit includes:</p><br>
<p>The complete cranium, Skull 5, nicknamed Miguelón, the fragmented cranial remains of Skull 4, nicknamed Agamenón and Skull 6, nicknamed Rui (a reference to the medieval military leader El Cid).</p><br>
<p>A complete pelvis (Pelvis 1), humorously nicknamed Elvis</p><br>
<p>Mandibles, teeth, a lot of postcranial bones (femora, hand and foot bones, vertebrae, ribs, etc.)</p><br>
<p>Remains of a child with craniosynostosis were found and dated to 530,000 BP. The find was considered to provide evidence for food sharing in early human populations.</p><br>
<p>Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a 400,000 year old femur has been sequenced, the oldest hominin mtDNA recovered as of 2013. The mtDNA was found to be closer to the mtDNA of Denisova hominins than to the mtDNA of Neanderthals.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 nuclear DNA analysis results determined the Sima hominins to be Neanderthals and not Denisova hominins and the divergence between Neanderthals and Denisovans predates 430,000 years.</p><br>
<p>Some excavators have stated that the concentration of bones in the pit allows the suggestion of a traditional burial culture among the cave&#39;s inhabitants. A competing theory cites the lack of small bones in the assemblage and suggests that the fossils were washed into the pit by non-human agents.</p><br>
<h3>Sima del Elefante (1996 to present)</h3><br>
<p>According to José María Bermúdez de Castro, co-director of research at Atapuerca, the Sima del Elefante findings support "anatomical evidence of the hominids that fabricated tools more than one million years ago", which may have been the earliest among Western European hominids. The first discovery in June 2007 was a tooth followed by a fragment of a jawbone and a proximal phalanx in 2008.</p><br>
<h3>Cueva del Mirador (1999 to present)</h3><br>
<p>This site provides information on earliest local farmers and herders of the late Neolithic and Bronze Age.</p><br>
<h3>Orchids Valley (2000 to 2001) and Hundidero (2004 to 2005)</h3><br>
<p>Stone tools of the Upper Paleolithic have been extracted from this locality.</p><br>
<h2>Recorded history</h2><br>
<p>Piedrahita ("standing stone") in the Atapuerca valley is according to records site of the Battle of Atapuerca, which took place in 1054 between the forces of Ferdinand I of Castile and his brother García V of Navarre.</p><br>
<h2>Economic and demographic development</h2><br>
<p>Apart from the typical dryland farming of the region, the municipality has grown significantly in economic, demographic and social level with the impact generated by the presence of the archaeological site and its associated services. 15% of the active population owns a job related to tourism. This "tertiarization" of their economy has reversed depopulation by growing and rejuvenating it (with the average age at 42 years).</p><br>
<p>Pactola Lake is the largest reservoir in the Black Hills of South Dakota, United States; it was created by the construction of the Pactola Dam. It was started on 25 November 1952. Contrary to popular belief there is no town at the bottom of Pactola Lake. The Bureau of Reclamation clear cut and cleaned the lake bottom before it filled. The few buildings still there by the time the dam was finished on August 15, 1956 were moved or auctioned off. The only structure under the water is the old Civilian Conservation Corp camp dynamite bunker.</p><br>
<p>The lake is located on Rapid Creek in Pennington County, South Dakota. The lake provides the water supply for the Rapid City Metro Area. It is owned and operated by the US Bureau of Reclamation, with the various recreational facilities operated by the US Forest Service, and is one of the recreational areas of Black Hills National Forest. Boating and fishing are very popular, with a walk-in fly fishing area located on Rapid Creek below the dam.</p><br>
<p>Facilities include a marina, improved swimming beach, campgrounds and group campground on the south shore, campgrounds and a handicapped fishing path on the north shore, and various picnic and overlook areas. In the summer, the USFS operates a visitor center on the dam, immediately off US Highway 385. The dam across Rapid Creek is very large, and was enlarged following the Black Hills Flood of 1972; lake water levels vary enormously, as the lake is used for flood control, domestic water, streamflow maintenance, and irrigation.</p><br>
<p>Pactola Lake is accessible via US Highway 385 north from Hill City, South Dakota and Sheridan Lake Forks or south from Lead and Deadwood; or via the Rimrock Highway (also known as SD Highway 44), from Rapid City, South Dakota. Fees are charged in summertime for all facilities. Boating (both power and sail), fishing, swimming, and other outdoor activities are popular in the summer; in wintertime, ice-fishing, ice-skating, and some cross-country skiing is popular.</p><br>
<p>The small town of Silver City is located at the upstream end of the lake; downstream on Rimrock Highway and Rapid Creek are the communities of Johnson Siding, Hisega, Upper Hisega, Placerville, and Big Bend.</p><br>
<p>Bois Blanc Island is an island in Lake Huron coterminous with Bois Blanc Township, Mackinac County, Michigan. The island covers about 34 square miles and is about 12 miles  long, 6 miles  wide and has 6 lakes. It lies southeast of Mackinac Island and almost due north of the city of Cheboygan.</p><br>
<p>"Bois Blanc" is French for "white wood". The name is commonly thought to be a reference to either: (a) the paper birch, or more likely (b) the basswood, called "bois blanc" in other contexts. The basswood&#39;s white underbark was extensively used by Native Americans and French-speaking fur traders for cordage, including the sewing up of canoes and the manufacture of webbing for snowshoes. The French Canadian colloquial term for "inner bark" was bois blanc. The Indians themselves had a name for Bois Blanc Island and the meaning is the same as the Canadian name. It was called Wigobiminiss. Wigobi or wicopy signifies "tying bark" or "inner bark". Miniss means "island".</p><br>
<p>"Boblo" is an English corruption of the French pronunciation of the name. Several islands with the same name dot the Great Lakes, and nearly all are known as "Boblo" or "Bob-lo" by the local populations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bois Blanc was ceded by the local Anishinaabe (Chippewa) as "an extra and voluntary gift" to the USA federal government with the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The cession for the area, Article 3, item 13 of the treaty states: "The post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the island on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the French or English governments; and a piece of land on the main to the north of the island, to measure six miles, on lake Huron, or the strait between lakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water of the lake or strait; and also, the Island De Bois Blane, being an extra and voluntary gift of the Chippewa nation." The treaty ceded most of Ohio and a slice of Indiana to the government, as well as sixteen strategic sites well within Indian territory, on waterways in the future states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.</p><br>
<p>During the War of 1812, USA Navy Captain Arthur Sinclair&#39;s fleet took shelter at the island while waiting to attack the British at Fort Mackinac. In 1880 the island provided a haven to alleged murderer Henry English who escaped from Pennsylvania authorities before his trial. He was apprehended on Bois Blanc by Pinkerton agents, returned to Pennsylvania and acquitted.</p><br>
<p>In 1827, the United States mapped the island. The United States Life Saving Service established a life-saving station at Walker&#39;s Point in 1890. A few years earlier the Pointe Aux Pins Association was formed. After extensive use as a source of kilned lime and firewood for Mackinac Island and other local frontier settlements, Bois Blanc was settled in the late 19th century as a summer resort community. In 1908, on behalf of the association, President Walter B. Webb hired the Mason L. Brown Company, a Detroit surveying firm, to map and record the Pointe Aux Pins subdivision. Pointe Aux Pins was the first resort community on the island. Much of Bois Blanc Island is state-owned forest land containing White and Norway pines that tower 200 ft tall. As recently as the 1950s, Bois Blanc provided lumber to Mackinac Island where woodcutting is prohibited.</p><br>
<p>Bois Blanc Island was without electric service until 1964, when the Presque Isle Electric & Gas Co-Op completed a project to install a continuous 3.7-mile underwater cable from Point Nipigon to Bois Blanc. At that time, there were approximately 200 structures on the Island. An electric service upgrade in 1999 replaced the original cable with two submarine cables spanning the Straits of Mackinac.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Private and commercial motor vehicles are brought to and from Bois Blanc Island by ferry. There are no paved roads; however, a maintained county road extends from the Islands northeast corner to the far western tip. Fire Tower Road bisects the Island and is also the route used for public access to Twin Lake and Lake Thompson, Bois Blancs largest inland lakes. There are numerous un-maintained roads and trails.</p><br>
<p>Plaunt Transportation is the sole provider of ferry services for the Island. Ferries are sailed daily when the straits are not frozen over from Cheboygan to Pointe Aux Pins. The Kristen D is a ferry which operates between Cheboygan and Bois Blanc Island. The ferry can accommodate up to 16 vehicles.</p><br>
<p>The island is served by Bois Blanc Island Airport, a paved landing strip located on the island (Airport Code 6Y1, elev. 664&#39;).</p><br>
<p>During some winters, an ice road is marked by cut evergreen trees, allowing travel over the ice between the Island and the mainland. The route generally runs from Pries Landing on the mainland, to Sand Bay on Bois Blanc.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Bois Blanc Island has been the setting for several fictional novels, and is also the subject of two full-length music albums, This Ain&#39;t the Mainland (2010) and Bob-Lo Style (2013), both by Northern Michigan singer/songwriter Dan Reynolds.</p><br>
<p>Tasik Chini is a lake in Pekan District, Pahang, Malaysia. The lakeshores are inhabited by the Jakun branch of the Orang Asli.</p><br>
<p>The 12,565 acres (5,026 hectares) Tasik Chini is the second largest fresh water lake in Malaysia and is made up of a series of 12 lakes. Chini River, which drains from the lake, flows into Pahang River. The river is dammed to maintain the lake&#39;s depth during the dry season. However, this has disrupted the natural ecology of the lake and caused the death of trees on its shores due to elevated water level.</p><br>
<p>Tasik Chini is one of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status sites in Malaysia, while the other is Crocker Range in Malaysian Borneo.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake is also endowed with a rich bio-diversified lush tropical wilderness that is home to 138 species of flora, 300 species of non-aquatic live and 144 species of fresh water fish. Between August and September the lake is transformed into a floating garden with thousands of white and pink lotus flowers covering the surface.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>The lake offers tranquil and peaceful surroundings steeped in myths and legends that have remained unexplained to this day.</p><br>
<p>According to an Orang Asli legend, the lake is inhabited by a dragon called the Naga Seri Gumum (sometimes referred to as "Malaysia&#39;s Loch Ness Monster"). It is believed to contain an ancient sunken Khmer city at the bottom of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>The Orang Asli (indigenous people) who live on the banks of Tasik Chini complain that the lake has become polluted. A community leader of an Orang Asli village, Tok Batin Awang Alok, said that logging and ore mining activities have create pollution and caused problems for local residents. Children who bathe in the lake complain of itchiness. Fish caught in the lake have become unfit to eat. The Orang Asli people cannot go to areas to collect roots used in traditional medicine because the areas have been closed for mining.</p><br>
<p>Dr Hedzri Adnan of Asian Public Intellectuals said that rapid changes at the lake might cause the ecosystem to collapse by 2030. Transparency Internationals secretary-general Josie Fernandez also said that the lake also risked losing its UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status. However, the Mentri Besar of Pahang, Adnan Yaakob said that the state Health Department found that the water quality to be normal after a three-month study while the muddy waters only occurred near the state Islamic and Malay Customs Council and RISDAs plantations near the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>Lake Chini Resort, 26690 Kampong Chini, Pahang, Malaysia</p><br>
<p>09-468 8088</p><br>
<p>Oella is a small, historic mill town on the Patapsco River in western Baltimore County, Maryland, located between Catonsville and Ellicott City. It is a 19th-century village of millworkers&#39; homes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oella was founded in 1808 by the Union Manufacturing Company as a working class community for the company&#39;s mill workers. It was one of the earliest and most extensive cotton factories in the United States and used water-powered looms as early as 1819.</p><br>
<p>The Union Manufacturing Company was motivated by the Embargo Act of 1807 which required Baltimore merchants to manufacture finished goods in the United States rather than England. Stock in the company was issued to fund a series of industrial mills, the largest working with cotton and wool. Child and indigent labor was used reaching 150 employees in 1811. After the War of 1812 ended the embargo, cotton prices fell. A fire at the largest mill on 13 December 1815 took a decade to rebuild and recover from. The Mill rebounded with water driven looms, and expanded to three mill buildings before finally dissolving in 1887 after another drop in textile prices. William J. Dickey of Dickeysville (Gwynns Falls) purchased the mill in 1887, operating it as W.J. Dickey and Sons, naming the mill "Oella" after the first woman to spin cotton in America.</p><br>
<p>The Oella Historic District includes the village that consists of 19th century workers housing and one late 19th century church. The only known 20th century building is the W.J. Dickey Company Mill constructed in 1919 as a rebuild after a 1918 fire. The plant was eventually used for the city. A drawing from 1812 by Maximilian Godefroy shows most of the stone buildings. The brick houses date from the mid-19th century, while the frame buildings were constructed at the end of the century. The Oella Methodist Church is a simple frame building with a tower on the northeast corner, which has been converted into offices. The Patapsco River continued to provide power to generate electricity until 1972, when Hurricane Agnes flooded the power plant. That same year, the Dickey Company ceased manufacturing.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Also listed on the National Register at Oella are the Ellicott&#39;s Mills Historic District and Mt. Gilboa Chapel.</p><br>
<p>Oella is along the route of the Trolley Line Number 9 Trail</p><br>
<h2>Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum</h2><br>
<p>A park commemorating Benjamin Banneker is located in a stream valley woodland at the former site of Bannekers farm and residence at the eastern edge of the Oella community. The Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks manages the park, which was dedicated on June 9, 1998. The park, which encompasses 138 acre and contains archaeological sites and extensive nature trails, is the largest original African American historical site in the United States. The primary focus of the park is a museum highlighting Bannekers contributions. The museum contains a visitors center that features a collection of Banneker&#39;s works and artifacts, a community gallery, a gift shop and a patio garden.</p><br>
<p>The park contains an 1850s stone farmhouse, now named the "Molly Banneky House". The three-story house was restored as an office complex in 2004.</p><br>
<p>On November 12, 2009, officials opened a 224 ft2 replica of Bannekers log cabin on the park grounds, reportedly two days before the 278th anniversary of Bannekers birth. Baltimore County&#39;s delegation to the Maryland General Assembly secured a $400,000 state bond for the design and construction of the cabin. The original estimated cost to construct the cabin in accordance with its drawings and specifications was $240,700.</p><br>
<p>A historical marker that the Maryland Historical Society erected to commemorate Banneker stands on the grounds of the park. The marker replaced the last of three earlier markers that vandals had previously destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Persons of note</h2><br>
<p>Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731 – October 9, 1806) was a free African American scientist, surveyor, almanac author and farmer. Born in Baltimore County to a free African American woman and a former slave, Banneker had little formal education and was largely self-taught. He is known for being part of a group led by Major Andrew Ellicott that surveyed the borders of the original District of Columbia, the federal capital district of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Oella is the type locality of the Oella Formation, a Late Proterozoic or early Cambrian schist.</p><br>
<p>Bera Lake  is a natural freshwater lake system, located in southwest Pahang, Malaysia in the saddle of the main and eastern mountain ranges of Peninsular Malaysia, extending 35 km long and 20 km wide, drainings into the Pahang River. It lends its name to the Bera district and parliamentary constituency.</p><br>
<p>As the largest freshwater swamp in Peninsular Malaysia, Tasik Bera or Bera Lake remains both a unique and remote wetland wilderness. Surrounded by a patchwork of dry lowland dipterocarp forests, the lake environment includes islands of peat swamp forests. Rich in wildlife and vegetation, the ecosystem which supports a diversity of animal and plant life, and sustains the livelihood of the Semelai branch of the Orang Asli people inhabiting the wetlands.</p><br>
<p>It has been protected under the Ramsar Convention since November 1994, which allows traditional use of the area to continue. The core zone consists of 260 km² and the buffer zone of 275 km².</p><br>
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<p>Carn Menyn is a grouping of craggy rock outcrops or tors in the Preseli Hills in the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire.</p><br>
<h2>Name and location</h2><br>
<p>The name means "Butter Rock". It is sometimes called Carn Meini ("Rock of Stones"), but this is a modern corruption of the original name.</p><br>
<p>Carn Menyn sits on top of the Preseli ridge, close to the stone setting of Bedd Arthur. It consists of an outcrop of white spotted dolerite similar to that of other tors in the area, and several other prehistoric sites have been identified nearby. The mountain-top setting provides commanding views over the Gower Peninsula and across Cardigan Bay to the Llŷn Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Bluestones</h2><br>
<p>Carn Menyn is believed by some to have been the main source for the bluestones used at Stonehenge. Sir Andrew Ramsey first suggested it as a contender in the mid-nineteenth century. In the early 1920s HH Thomas showed through petrographic analysis that many of the bluestones had come from the Preseli Hills, and in 2005 work led by Timothy Darvill and Geoff Wainwright supported the idea that Carn Menyn was the primary quarry. This is disputed by others, and Williams-Thorpe and others from the Open University have suggested that the Stonehenge bluestones came from at least twenty different places, with Carn Goedog about one mile to the west as the most likely source for the spotted dolerites.</p><br>
<p>Survey work between 2002 and 2004 by the Strumble-Preseli Ancient Communities and Environment Study (SPACES) recorded an enclosure on the upper part of the outcrop consisting of a steep-sided promontory with a bank of stones across its neck. Although only around 3,500 square metres in area the enclosure contains several dolerite outcrops, each naturally fractured into shapes that could be formed into columns. Semi-worked megaliths lay scattered around apparently having been simply levered out from the larger outcrops. It is debatable whether these "semi-worked megaliths" are prehistoric or recent, since this area has been used by the farming community for at least 300 years for the collection of stone gateposts, lintels and building slabs.</p><br>
<p>Geochemical analysis has shown that some of the bluestones from the inner horseshoe at Stonehenge probably came from Carn Menyn, Carn Goedog, Carn Breseb, Cerrig Marchogion and other sites in the Preseli Hills, while rhyolite fragments may have come from Carn Alw and further afield.</p><br>
<p>Evidence for later exploitation of the stone at Carn Menyn has been found despite the site&#39;s remoteness. Two nearby chapels and many houses in the area were built from Carn Menyn stone. However, this stone was not used preferentially in megalithic or ritual structures—stone from all of the outcrops or tors on Mynydd Preseli has been used in buildings and field boundaries, so long as access by horse-drawn sleds and carts was possible.</p><br>
<p>In April 2005 an excavation at the site clarified the extent of the enclosure but did not retrieve any cultural material. The same year, the then Archdruid of the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards, Dr Robyn Lewis, wrote to the Daily Telegraph proposing that the Bluestones be returned from Stonehenge to the Preseli Hills. This was also the subject of a stage play called Bringing Back the Bluestones.</p><br>
<p>Recent geological studies by Bevins, Ixer and Pearce has confirmed the suggestion of the OU team that the spotted dolerites at Stonehenge have come from Carn Goedog and not Carn Menyn.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Nacimiento , or Nacimiento Mountains, are a mountain range in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of New Mexico. They are just west of the more prominent Jemez Mountains near the town of Cuba, and are separated from them by the Río Guadalupe and the Río de Las Vacas. This article will consider them as a unit together with the San Pedro Mountains, which are a smaller range contiguous with the Sierra Nacimiento on the north, and which are also part of the Nacimiento Uplift and lie at the edge of the greater San Juan Basin, which sits atop the Colorado Plateau. The combined range runs almost due north-south with a length of about 40 mi . The highest point in the combined range is the high point of the San Pedro Peaks, known unofficially as San Pedro Peak, 10,605 ft .</p><br>
<p>The Nacimientos are of some geological interest despite their modest elevation, as they form the western boundary of the Rio Grande Rift, a major rift valley containing the Rio Grande. The corresponding range on the east side of the rift, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, is significantly higher and more rugged than the Nacimientos, which consist of long, gentle ridges never reaching above tree line. The Jemez Mountains lie between the Nacimientos and the Sangre de Cristos and are sometimes mistakenly thought to be part of the structure of the rift, but in fact are of volcanic origin rather than part of the graben of which the Nacimientos and Sangre de Cristos are the obvious manifestations.</p><br>
<p>Much of the range is within the San Pedro Parks Wilderness area and is protected against development. Hiking trails crisscross the wilderness area, making it a popular destination for backpackers. The range receives more orographic precipitation than many other New Mexico mountains, as there are no higher ranges upwind for a considerable distance. Accordingly, the trails in the wilderness area are frequently soft and soggy for much of the year. San Gregorio Lake, an artificial lake at the south end of the wilderness, is a popular location for fishing.</p><br>
<p>The name "Nacimiento" means literally "birth" or "the Nativity" but also "source of a river." The latter meaning applies here since the Rio Puerco has its source on the west side of the mountains.</p><br>
